Barley grain is one of the main sources of feed for ruminants in Canada. Although barley varieties may have similar chemical composition, they exhibit different rumen degradation characteristics and nutrient availabilities. These biological differences may be related to structural chemical make-up or structural features among the varieties. The objectives of this study were to use the in situ technique and two Mid-IR Spectroscopy techniques, Diffuse Reflectance Fourier Transform IR Spectroscopy (DRIFT) and Synchrotron-based Fourier Transform IR Microspectroscopy (SFTIRM) to determine ruminal nutrient availabilities and inherent structural features in the hull, seed and endosperm of six barley varieties (AC Metcalfe, McLeod, CDC Dolly, CDC Helgason, CDC Trey, and CDC Cowboy) and to study the relationships between structural characteristics, mean and median particle size and nutrient availability. The nylon bag technique was used to incubate coarsely dry-rolled barley samples for 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h in the rumen of three mature Holstein dry dairy cows, which were ruminally cannulated. The rumen degradation kinetics of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and starch were determined using first order degradation kinetics equations. Results indicated that there were significant differences in the mean and median particle size, degradation kinetics of each individual nutrient (DM, CP, and starch) among the six barley varieties. CDC Helgason showed the lowest degradation rate and extent of all nutrients (DM, CP, and starch) among the six barley varieties with larger particle size. Compared with other five varieties, CDC Helgason may be more suitable for ruminants feeding because of the lowest degradation rate and extent. The results also revealed a strong correlation between median particle size and the rate and extent of rumen degradation.<p> The results also showed that both DRIFT and SFTIR techniques associated with uni- and two multi- variate analyses were capable to efficiently discriminate and classify the inherent molecular structural features among the different varieties of barleys. Uni-variate analyses were conducted using both the DRIFT spectroscopy (hull and whole seed sample) and SFTIR microspectroscopy (endosperm tissue). The results from hull samples showed significant differences in the peak area of aromatic lignin, cellulosic compound, and total carbohydrates (CHO), and the ratio of lignin to cellulosic compound among the six barley varieties. The results from whole seed samples showed significant difference in the peak area and height of Amide I, peak area of total CHO and structural CHO (cellulosic), and the ratio of Amide I to total CHO area, and the ratio of total CHO to structural CHO. Significant differences were also found in the SFTIR results from endosperm tissue. With two multivariate spectral analysis techniques: Agglomerative hierarchical cluster (AHCA) and Principal component analyses (PCA) applied on whole seed sample, the CDC Helgason was distinguished from AC Metcalfe, CDC Dolly, McLeod and CDC Cowboy in fingerprint (1800-800 cm-1) and CHO region (1185-800 cm-1), from AC Metcalfe, McLeod and CDC Cowboy in protein region (1715-1485 cm-1). Information from this study involving probing the seed internal structure of barley may provide a further insight as to why barley varieties exhibit different rumen degradations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-206). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010. / Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on Feb. 8, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science, [Department of] Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2000. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-206). Also available on the Internet.

Starch is the main storage biopolymer in cereal plants. Several enzymes and carrier proteins are involved in the starch biosynthesis process. ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) has been characterized as a key factor in this process, which catalyzes the conversion of glucose 1-phosphate into ADP-glucose in the cytosol of the endospermic cell. The freshly synthesized ADP-glucose must be transported into amyloplasts by the activity of ADP-glucose transporter. In the current research, we have characterized HvBT1 biochemically in E. coli system. HvBT1 shows high affinity to ADP-glucose as a transport substrate in counter-exchange with ADP with affinities of 614 and 334 µM, respectively. The cellular and subcellular localization of HvBT1 indicated its target the amyloplasts envelopes. The comparison between two barley cultivars; Harrington and Golden Promise shed some light on the impact of HvBT1 on starch accumulation. Higher expression of AGPase and HvBT1 (10 fold) provide an ideal combination for improving starch yield, where starch content was higher by 2.5% in Harrington. Unlike Harrington, the expression of soluble starch synthase encoded genes was higher in Golden Promise which accumulates less starch. This result provided evidence of the importance of HvBT1 in starch synthesis process along with AGPase. Down-regulation of HvBT1 also provided a cement evidence of its effect on the starch accumulation process, where the knock down lines showed 17% lower starch and altered starch composition. Also, as a result of decreasing starch, protein content increased in the transgenic grains by 4-5 % of its content in the wild type, while β-glucan was 37% lower than the wild type control. Down-regulation of HvBT1 led to decrease the grain yield by ~ 30% as a result of increase the grain size. Also, it seems to have pleotropic effects on other starch synthesis genes, where AGPLs was down-regulated while the plastidial SSU genes, AGPS1b and S2 were up-regulated. Soluble starch synthases SS2a and SS3a were down-regulated, while SS2b was up-regulated in the transgenic plants. The accumulated evidences indicated that HvBT1 is a key factor in starch biosynthesis process. / February 2015

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