This thesis follows the paper based format in that Papers One and Two are stand-alone papers prepared for submission for Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review and the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology respectively. The relevant submission guidelines are included in the appendix (Appendix 1). Asthma is the most common childhood chronic illness affecting an estimated 1.1 million children in the UK. A substantial body of research has shown that asthma prevalence and morbidity rates are associated not only with physiological factors but also with environmental and psychosocial factors. Identifying modifiable psychosocial variables involved in the expression and outcome of asthma in children enables identification of how and where interventions could be targeted. Two papers are presented in this thesis, which aims at contribute to research in this area followed by a critical evaluation of the research process, relevance and implications of the presented papers.Paper One is a review of the literature highlighting the biopsychosocial variables involved in the onset and development of childhood asthma. A model is proposed which aims at demonstrate the bidirectional influence of many variables thought to be involved in paediatric asthma expression. One significant area within the literature highlights the extent to which behaviour problems are elevated in asthmatic children. The prognosis for children who develop significant behaviour difficulties is poor.Research has shown that the quality of parenting a child receives has a significant impact on both the child's well-being and development. Literature included in Paper One highlights the relationship between asthma and parenting. Caregivers of asthmatic children have been shown to be more hostile and critical compared with caregivers of non-asthmatic children.Intervening early with families to promote warm, consistent and positive parenting is considered one of the most effective ways to treat behaviour difficulties. Parent training programmes have emerged as the most efficacious method of intervening with and treating child behaviour difficulties and enhancing parenting skills. In spite of their demonstrated effectiveness, engagement with programmes is often poor. As a result researchers have developed self-directed and web-based interventions. Despite their apparent benefits, uptake and continued engagement remains low.Paper Two aimed at examine whether providing asthma specific information enhanced engagement with a Triple P web-based intervention and identify any pre-treatment variables that predicted engagement. The final section, the Critical Evaluation, aimed at place the research in the wider context, consider the findings from both papers, highlight additional and unexpected outcomes and discuss the implications for future studies and limitations of the thesis.

Mr. H.B. Klopper

When standard economic theories failed to be consistent predictors of consumer behaviour, Thaler (1980, 1985) developed the theory of mental accounting, which takes behavioural factors into consideration. Prelec&Loewenstein (1998), Heath&Soll (1996) and Gourville&Soman (1998) extended Thaler’s (1980,1985) work to develop the theories of prospective accounting, mental budgeting, and payment depreciation of the sunk cost effect. The purpose of this research is to use the methodologies of Prelec& Loewenstein (1998), Heath&Soll (1996), and Gourville&Soman (1998) to determine whether their theories of mental accounting exist amongst South African consumers. If this is found to be the case, the findings can be used by marketers towards the creation of a strategy that could exploit these effects. This research shows that there is insufficient evidence for the existence of mental budgeting amongst South African consumers. However, there is significant evidence for the existence of prospective accounting and the sunk cost effect. In addition, a variation of payment depreciation was found to exist. Thus, mental accounting has been shown to exist amongst South African consumers. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

Current models of exercise regulation almost solely rely on the Gestalt phenomenon of perceived exertion. This limits a more comprehensive understanding of how causeeffect relationships come to be and how perception-action coupling determines pacing behaviour and performance fatigability. A three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour is proposed, which differentiates between sensory-discriminatory, affectivemotivational, and cognitive-evaluative processes hypothesised to underpin perceived fatigability. In short: (A) perceived physical strain and perceived mental strain are primary regulators of pacing behaviour necessary to align planned behaviour with current physiological state, (B) core affect plays a primary and mediatory role in performance regulation, and (C) the mindset- shift associated with an action crisis plays a primary role in volitional self-regulatory control and decision-making. In study one, 23 cyclists of distinct performance levels engaged in 70-km individual and head-to-head competition time trials against a performance matched opponent. Sensory constructs were primarily associated with regulation of pacing behaviour. Affective and cognitive constructs acted as context-dependent modifiers and were primarily associated with regulation of performance. A five-step structural equation modelling procedure was applied to assess the extent to which the observed data fit the hypothesised cause–effect relationships under the constraint of psychological duress: valence deterioration was found to mediate the relationship between falling-behind and action crisis; which in turn predicted increased non-adaptive endocrinological distress response; which in turn predicted performance decrement. In study two, 22 highly-trained runners completed two self-paced 20-km treadmill time trials in a tapered condition and with locomotor muscle fatigue and exercise-induced muscle damage. The latter was associated with medium increases in markers of physiological distress and large alterations in perceived physical strain, affective valence, and cognitive mindset. This indicates heuristic and rational antecedents in the goal-disengagement process. Structural equation modelling confirmed the hypothesised dual-pathway model under the constraint of physical duress: haematological indicators of EIMD predicted (1) amplified physiological strain and non-adaptive endocrinological distress response and (2) increase in perceived physical strain, which mediated and predicted decrease in valence; which in turn predicted an increase in action crisis; and both physiological and perceptual effects predicted performance fatigability. The proposed framework has the potential to enrich theory development in centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour by providing novel insights into and more complete account of the dynamic and complex processes in strain-perceptionthinking-action coupling during prolonged endurance exercise.

This study explores the hitherto unexamined role of national, cultural, societal and historical dynamics of power and privilege in the identity work of the lowest level of managers in organisations. This study revealed that so-called ‘post-apartheid’ South African organisations remain sites for perpetuating social injustice through physical vestiges of segregation as well as complex societal-organisational interdiscursive practices that serve to maintain an unequal distribution of power, social oppression and exclusion. Within this context, first level managers expressed their managerialism variously through contested and coercive agentic strategies of power and resistance, while finding themselves implicated and relationally complicit in invidious discursive practices, veiled as post-apartheid speak. Their social location at the ‘power margin’ between management and working classes educed a constant contested process of identity substitution, as they redefined themselves in the face of the loss and gain of socio-political power and privilege. This research contributes to and extends theory on identity work, intersectionality theory and whiteness in management and organisation studies to beyond the boundaries of the organisation, showing that the first level managers’ antipodal constructions of self were responses to the impact of organisational, societal and national political transformations on their variously politicised managerial selves. A particular strength of this study is that it integrates constructivist grounded theory with narrative inquiry and critical discourse analysis in a way that privileges the experiences of the participants through their stories about being first level managers in post-apartheid South Africa, while revealing a richly textured theoretical construction of identity work at the margins in the context of significant societal and political change. Ultimately, it is hoped that this study will contribute towards improving working lives in organisations by drawing attention to the everyday struggles of those managers at the lowest level of the management hierarchy in organisations, those at the margins of managerial power, for whom expression of their managerialism and acceptance of their authority as managers is a tenuous process, constantly contested within an organisational context where political power and societal privilege remain dominant mechanisms for influencing organisational behaviour. In so doing this research helps South African organisations to better understand the complex challenges of achieving transformation in the workplace. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Human Resource Management / PhD / Unrestricted

<p>Prior literature on trust repair has focused primarily on exploring the effectiveness of different trust repair tactics in various contexts and the study of repair of trust as a process has been neglected. The literature has also suggested the presence of the humpty-dumpty effect in trust repair i.e. trust cannot be completely repaired once broken, though the claim has been more philosophical than empirical. In this dissertation, we explore the effect of tactic composites instead of analyzing the effect of each tactic separately (as has been the trend in the literature) that can be incorporated by the trustee to repair trust. We also develop multiple pathways that can potentially repair trust completely (specifically, redirect and replenish pathways) and one pathway that can restore the relationship by reestablishing cooperation but without repairing trust (redefine pathway). We structure the tactic composites within these pathways to explore the possibility of complete trust repair. Our results from a policy-capturing technique study and an experimental study show that in the redirect pathway, factual or symbolic evidence backed denial (but not denial alone) increases believability of the innocence claim by the trustee and can repair trust by improving the level of broken trustworthiness of the trustee. In the replenish pathway, only tactic composites that showcase regret through verbal tactics and repentance through behavioral tactics are able to make the trustor perceive that the trustee experiences remorse for the transgression, and only tactics that cater to individual and relational disequilibrium can increase perceived norm restoration in the eyes of the trustor. Both perceived remorse and norm restoration improved the levels of the broken trustworthiness. Finally, in the redefine pathway, strong control systems were better than weak control systems to restore cooperation, even though they had a negative relationship with the level of post-intervention trust. We also tested the potential of complete trust repair through the redirect pathway but did not find conclusive evidence. We discuss the limitations of the empirical studies and make suggestions for future research.</p>

In recent years, the increase in social networks has led consumers to spend a lot of time online, getting a lot of information about different products and services that are of interest to them. It is in this context that companies have reoriented their strategies, in order to use social networks as a new means of advertising communication. There are different social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram; however, Facebook is one of the social networks that has taken great strength in recent years and companies have had to direct their advertising communications towards this medium. There is research that focuses on consumer attitudes towards advertising on Facebook. However, we found little literature that addresses this same issue focusing on the young consumer and a specific product category. In this context, this exploratory study focuses on understanding young women’s attitudes towards advertising in the clothing and accessories category presented on Facebook. To this end, fourteen interviews were conducted with university students in the city of Lima, selected on the basis of convenience sampling, which revealed that despite the fact that young university women have other social networks, they still use Facebook and show a positive attitude towards advertising on Facebook as long as the advertising is not invasive, entertains them, has relevant information, uses images that generate affinity with them and contains attractive messages according to their age.

Bibliography: pages 211-235. / This study looks at the role of statutory social work practice within the framework of current South African legislation. The implications of this legislation for persons exhibiting antisocial behaviour were examined in the light of institutional and community-based management options. An overview of the literature is presented in order to place the concepts of institutional care, community-based options and legal reform in perspective. These literature studies provided the framework for an exploratory survey of 70 purposely sampled statutory social work clients, with a view to re-examining institutionalization as a possible contributing factor in their antisocial behaviour. Using a structured interview schedule, the Researcher elicited information concerning the respondents' histories of institutionalization, their evaluations of its effects and other possible factors contributing to their antisocial behaviour. The outcome of the study confirmed the major research question, namely that institutionalization could be regarded as a contributing factor in antisocial behaviour. Conversely, the findings reflected major literature surveys which stated that institutionalization has an adaptive potential for certain client systems. Results flowing from both negative and positive factors are mediated by the characteristics of the institution; by those who are institutionalized, and by other factors which precede, coexist with or follow institutionalization. The study supports the preferential use of community-based alternatives in statutory social work as well as providing guidelines for institutional reform and future research.

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Educational Psychology at the UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND, South Africa, 1998. / This study investigated the relationship between anxiety and co-operative behaviour, anxiety and gender, gender and co-operative behaviour and anxiety, cooperative behaviour and performance among students in tertiary institutions. The sample consisted of 137 males and 193 females. A standardized IPAT Anxiety Scale was used to achieve the objectives of the first and second aims of the study. The researcher constructed his own Co-operative Behaviour Scale to achieve the objectives of aim four. Research assistants helped with the construction of the Academic Performance Scale. The findings according to the first aim of the study, that is, the relationship between anxiety and co-operative behaviour revealed that there is a weak positive relationship between anxiety and cooperative behaviour. The findings based on aim number two, that is, the relationship between v gender and anxiety showed that while more men appear anxious, more women are willing to co-operate than men. The findings based on aim number three, that is, "the effect of induced anxiety among people, showed that increased anxiety level leads to more co-operative tendencies , up to an optimal point, after which cooperative behaviour decreases as long as anxiety increases. The findings according to the fourth aim of the study, that is, the relationship between anxiety and academic performance, show that poor performers as well as above average performers are less co-operative; whereas average performers are more cooperative. This is due to the effects of either low or high anxiety on academic performance, this is, low or high anxiety levels leads to poor academic performance.

Thesis submitted to th~ Faculty of Scien9,~1 University of the Witwate:esrandJ JOham1esburg I' - 0 in fuJ,filmep:c of the reqtt!,'lernents for the degree .of DoCtor of .Philo~ ~phy JOHANNESBURG C/ o (~J July 1994 / species of anurens , By utilizing acoustio playbaok " "." :1.. (1 ',' .., experiments the exact' rlature it! call timing' in, five species was determined.' ~t)'U): specie~, each exl1ibi ted one "of three" distinot:: types Qf chozus organizatioh, while in one sp~ci.es it. was not possible to demonstrQ.te any chorus organization. The distinct: t.ype Qf ("chorus organizatidh that a species • c;. -" < . " ,', '. ~hib:l t;s . was shown to be a function of '"call duration and 0 behavioural refractory period. Go' . c' .~ The Significance of oall intensity in male~male '.\. interactions and female mate choice was determined in fU:t;"ther acoust,i21 ~layback experiments. ':Males"exhibited a. g.t,-,d",ed·type of'" r.esponSe, with the perc~ntage of ,.'aggresSive ;:, . caitn~,\~pc:r:easi'1l9with increasing intensity?f the playback. 11 Althou~tf females wer~ unable to compute absoltl,te intensity / ' they We,'~.1{:;l pr~fer~ntiall.Y attracted to thE! louder of two calls in simple" two-choice sitl,:lations, but their q,isc;riJninatory ability was impaired" in more complex situations ..Males of H. marmoratus. were ;found to call at ;f:~~~ c; coflsi:stentl.y different tepetit~on rates and :females l) preferE:mtiall,y selected :faster r~tes in simple two.;ochoice I;> experiments aSq~ell as in +,.1;ief;i.eld .. This study prqvides va~uable~' insigllt into t'~ " ' dynainios of several species, E.f;!.ab.l4J)'ij<' '8 understanding of the 'function· and signif Lcance ubiquitou~ phenomenon of chorus organi.zation.