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1	Political Literacy and the Politics of Eloquence: Ottoman Scribal Community in the Seventeenth Century Tusalp, Ekin Emine January 2014 (has links) In 1703, the chief scribe (reisü'l-küttab) Rami Mehmed Efendi (d. 1708) was appointed as the grand vizier in the Ottoman Empire. In scholarship, Rami Mehmed epitomizes the transition in the political cadres from the people of the sword/seyfiye to the people of the pen/kalemiye as the first chief scribe to be appointed as the grand vizier. While this transition has long been accepted as a crucial aspect of eighteenth-century Ottoman history, the cultural and intellectual formation of "the people of the pen" as a distinct community before this period has not been adequately examined. Middle Eastern history History Middle Eastern studies belagat katib Ottoman Rami Mehmed scribe seventeenth century