Choosing a course of action in our daily lives requires an accurate assessment of the associated risks as well as the potential rewards. The present two studies investigated the mechanism of how reward and risk level influence the motor decisions of speeded actions (Chapter 2) and its neural dynamics (Chapter 3) by focusing on the beta band (15-30 Hz) oscillation patterns reflected in the EEG signals. Participants performed a modified version of the Go-NoGo task, in which they earned reward points based on the speed and accuracy of response. On each trial, the reward points at stake (120 vs. 6) and the probability that a Go signal would follow (Go-probability) were presented prior to a Go/NoGo signal (Trial Information Period). The behavioral results (from both Chapters 2 and 3) showed that larger amount of rewards can motivate people to respond faster, and this effect was modulated by the assessed risk, suggesting that decisions for actions are based on a systematic trade-off between rewards and risks. The EEG data showed that motor beta oscillations from the two studied brain regions reflected different levels of motivation towards a motor response across different reward and risk levels. Specifically, the lower beta power associated with higher reward and lower risk level. Collectively, the results provide a mechanistic understanding of how motivational cues are translated into action outcomes via modulating patterns of brain oscillations.

Pour un mouvement de saisie, le système moteur doit contrôler un certain nombre de paramètres pour produire une commande motrice adaptée aux propriétés de l'objet. La compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu dans l’élaboration de cette commande motrice repose ainsi sur plusieurs questions. Quelle est la nature des paramètres traités par le système nerveux ? Quelles sont les structures corticales impliquées ? Quand et comment ces paramètres sont-ils traités ? Durant l’exécution du mouvement ou durant la phase de préparation qui précède son initiation ? Ces questions sont autant de problématiques abordées dans ce travail de thèse dont l'objectif général est d'apporter une meilleure compréhension, d'une part, de l'organisation fonctionnelle des processus mentaux qui lient la perception à l'action, et d'autre part, de la façon dont ces processus se traduisent au niveau neurophysiologique. Nos recherches reposent notamment sur la comparaison entre l'homme et le singe étudiés dans un contexte expérimental similaire et réalisant une tâche de saisie manuelle identique. L'ensemble de nos travaux ont orienté notre réflexion vers 3 axes principaux. Premièrement, ils nous ont permis de préciser les principes fonctionnels qui régissent la préparation des mouvements de saisie manuelle. Deuxièmement, ils nous ont conduits à identifier plusieurs composantes qui caractérisent les modulations du rythme bêta (13 -35 Hz) et à dégager les principaux facteurs régissant leur présence ou leur absence. En ce sens, nous avons proposé une hypothèse qui permet d’interpréter dans un cadre théorique unifié la majorité des études proposant des interprétations souvent contradictoires du rythme bêta. / For grasping, the motor system has to control several movement parameters to produce a motor command adapted to the object properties. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of this motor command relies on several questions. What kinds of parameters are processed by the nervous systems? What are the cortical structures involved? When and how these parameters are processed? During the execution or during the preparation phase preceding movement initiation? All these questions are addressed in this thesis which general objective is to provide a better understanding of the mental processes linking perception to action and to clarify how the functional organization of these processes is reflected in the neurophysiological activity. Our research is based in particular on the comparison between humans and monkeys studied in a similar experimental setting and performing an identical reach-to-grasp task. The results of this work led us to focus our discussion on three main axes. First, they allowed to specify the functional principles underlying the preparation of grasping movements. Second, we identified several components that characterize the modulations of the beta rhythm (15-35 Hz) and pinpointed the main factors governing their presence or absence. In this sense, we propose a hypothesis for interpreting in a unified theoretical framework a large number of studies that often provide conflicting interpretations of this sensorimotor rhythm.