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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Partição aditiva da diversidade de nematoda em lagoas costeiras : componentes espaciais e ambientais / Additive partitioning of Nematoda diversity in coastal lakes: spatial and environmental components

Flach, Pamela Ziliotto Sant Anna January 2009 (has links)
A partição aditiva da diversidade tem recebido cada vez mais atenção dos ecólogos, sendo utilizada como uma abordagem para fracionar a diversidade ao longo de múltiplas escalas. A abordagem permite ainda testar se a diversidade em cada uma das escalas é maior ou menor do que o esperado segundo uma distribuição de indivíduos ao acaso nas unidades amostrais. Este trabalho avalia a diversidade alfa e beta de nematódeos em cinco escalas espaciais (de cm a km). A importância de componentes ambientais e geográficos (dentro de lagoas e entre lagoas) na diversidade desses organismos também é estimada. Como medida de diversidade utilizou-se a riqueza de morfotipos. Através de dados da literatura, comparou-se a diversidade de Nematoda com os padrões de diversidade descritos para organismos unicelulares de mesmo tamanho (menores de 2 mm). A expectativa era que a assembléia de nematódeos apresentasse uma alta diversidade alfa nas escalas espaciais inferiores, como ocorre para protistas, e valores baixos para diversidade beta, uma vez que a variação na composição da nematofauna refletiria principalmente mudanças nas características ambientais. Foram registrados 13.358 indivíduos e 59 morfoespécies de nematódeos. A partição aditiva da diversidade revelou que a importância da diversidade beta nas escalas maiores (dentro e entre ambientes e entre lagoas) foi maior que o esperado. Através da Análise de Correspondência Canônica Parcial (pCCA), verificou-se que componentes ambientais explicaram 26,95% da variação na composição da nematofauna, enquanto componentes espaciais explicaram 9,93%. Os resultados indicam que nematódeos, ao contrário dos protistas, apresentaram uma baixa riqueza de espécies local (diversidade alfa), apesar de sua alta diversidade de espécies global. Além do mais, parece haver uma seleção de habitat por parte da nematofauna, o que é normalmente verificado para organismos multicelulares e de maior tamanho. / Additive diversity partitioning has received increasing attention of ecologists as a tool to apportioning the diversity across multiple scales and test whether each scale harbors more or less diversity than what would be expected by the random assignment of individuals to sample units. This study assessed alpha and beta diversities of nematodes in five spatial scales (from cm to km). The importance of environmental and spatial determinants of variation in nematodes composition (within and between lakes) was also evaluated. Morphospecies richness was used as a metric to estimate diversity. Using available literature data, observed Nematoda diversity was compared to patterns of diversity described to unicellular organisms with the same size (smaller than 2 mm). It was expected that a high alpha diversity in the lowest spatial scales, as described to protist species, and low beta diversity. Additionally, environmental differences between sites should explain higher variation in Nematoda composition than geographical distance. A total of 13,358 individuals belonging to 59 morphospecies were obtained. Additive partitioning showed that the importance of beta diversity at the higher scales was higher than expected. Using partial Canonical Correspondence Analysis (pCCA), it was found that environmental components (26.95%) explained more variation in community structure than spatial components (9.93%). In relation to known patterns of diversity of protists, local species richness (alpha diversity) of nematodes was low compared to their relative high worldwide richness. Moreover, nematodes tend to shown stronger habitat associations than protists, as usually observed for large multicellular organisms.
32

Variação na composição de comunidades vegetais campestres ao longo do litoral sul do Brasil

Menezes, Luciana da Silva January 2014 (has links)
A região costeira do sul do Brasil está inserida no bioma Pampa e sua vegetação natural apresenta um mosaico de formações, incluindo áreas de campos utilizadas para pastejo bovino. Os campos do litoral representam uma das fisionomias do bioma Pampa mais convertida para outros usos. Nessa região poucos estudos florísticos isolados foram realizados recentemente, enquanto estudos ecológicos sobre a interação da vegetação campestre com variáveis ambientais e espaciais são ainda mais escassos. Buscamos realizar um amplo estudo descritivo e ecológico da vegetação dos campos arenosos costeiros ao longo de 536 km no sul do Brasil. Amostramos 16 áreas distribuídas ao longo da planície costeira, com 15 parcelas de 1 m² por área. As espécies foram classificadas segundo suas formas de crescimento, origem e grau de ameaça. Também variáveis climáticas, edáficas e as coordenadas geográficas para cada área foram observadas. Através de análises multivariadas (ordenações e partição de variância) verificamos a contribuição relativa do ambiente e do espaço para variação na composição de espécies entre áreas. Foram encontradas 221 espécies, 14 eram exóticas e duas ameaçadas. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum e Paspalum pumilum foram algumas das espécies mais importantes caracterizando as áreas. A maior parte da cobertura vegetal é por espécies de gramíneas prostradas, que está relacionado com a presença de pastejo em todas as áreas. A mudança na composição das comunidades entre áreas está relacionada, em sua maior parte, à mudança de variáveis climáticas, como também ao espaço, já que ambos variam juntamente. Observamos que apesar da homogeneidade nas condições edáficas, em escala refinada pudemos observar a influência do solo na variação da comunidade. Os campos da planície costeira possuem uma fisionomia ímpar, porém as áreas remanescentes estão vulneráveis, principalmente pela fragmentação da paisagem. Práticas de manejo, principalmente pecuária, deveriam considerar a fragilidade do solo dessa região, adotando níveis mais baixos de carga animal para contribuir com a preservação dos últimos fragmentos desta formação. / The coastal region of southern Brazil is inserted into the Pampa biome and its natural vegetation presents a mosaic of formations, including areas of grasslands used for cattle grazing. The coastal grasslands represent one of the Pampa biome physiognomies most converted to other uses. In this region a few floristic isolated studies were recently conducted, while ecological studies about the interaction of vegetation with environmental and spatial variables are even rarer. We aimed to realize a broad descriptive and ecological study of the vegetation of the coastal sandy grasslands along 536 km in southern Brazil. We sampled 16 areas distributed along the coastal plain, with 15 plots of 1 m² per area. The species were classified according to their growth forms, origin and degree of threat. Also climate, soil characteristics and geographic coordinates for each area were observed. By using multivariate analyzes (ordination and variation partitioning) we verified the relative contribution of environment and space for variation in species composition between areas. We found 221 species, from which 14 were exotic and two threatened. Axonopus aff. affinis, Paspalum notatum and Paspalum pumilum were some of the most important species characterizing the areas. Most of the vegetation cover is by prostrate species of grasses, which is related to the presence of grazing in all areas. The change in community composition between areas is mostly related, to changing in climatic variables, as well as to space, since both vary together. We observed that despite the homogeneity in the soil conditions, in fine scale we could observe the influence of the soil in community variation. The coastal grasslands have a unique physiognomy, but the remnant areas are vulnerable, mainly by landscape fragmentation. Management practices, especially livestock, should consider the fragility of the soil of this region, adopting lower stocking levels to contribute to the preservation of the last fragments of this formation.
33

Diversity, distribution and conservation of anurans from coastal plains of São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil / Diversidade, distribuição e conservação de anfíbios anuros das planícies costeiras do estado de São Paulo, Sudeste do Brasil

Luiz, Amom Mendes, 1987- 25 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Ricardo Jannini Sawaya / Texto em português e inglês / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T04:49:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz_AmomMendes_M.pdf: 2403224 bytes, checksum: ec7b481911e3e7c360533c1254330aab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Indivíduos e espécies não são distribuídos aleatoriamente no espaço. Consequentemente, as metacomunidades formadas por tais organismos também apresentam uma organização espacial. Associado a isso, poucas espécies conseguem se distribuir na maioria dos ambientes possíveis. Portanto, as metacomunidades possuem uma variação em sua composição que pode ser espacialmente organizada, ou seja, existem locais que são mais similares em termos de composição de espécies do que outros. Robert Whittaker nomeou esse fenômeno como o componente beta da diversidade, ou simplesmente, diversidade beta. Entender quais processos geram e mantêm os padrões espaciais da diversidade beta é, portanto, uma questão central em ecologia de comunidades, além de auxiliar na proposição de formas apropriadas de manejo e conservação. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever padrões de diversidade beta de anfíbios anuros das planícies costeiras do Sudeste do Brasil e investigar os possíveis processos que influenciam os padrões de diversidade detectados. A dissertação está dividida em dois capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, descrevo a diversidade beta de anuros da região de estudo e avalio como esses padrões estão protegidos atualmente, por unidades de conservação. No segundo capítulo, busco entender como múltiplos preditores poderiam estar relacionados com a variação na composição de espécies da região de estudo, dado o embasamento teórico e empírico da potencial influência de tais preditores sobre a diversidade de anuros. Os resultados do primeiro capítulo mostraram que existe um padrão claro de organização espacial na diversidade beta, estruturada em três áreas de forma congruente com a história geomorfológica da região. Os resultados evidenciam ainda, que a atual rede de unidades de conservação inclui padrões de diversidade beta semelhante às áreas não protegidas. No entanto, a representatividade dessas unidades em termos de área (~ 4000 km²) é pequena (11.3%). Os resultados do segundo capítulo demonstram a importância de diferentes preditores, incluindo clima, história geomorfológica e processos espaciais em diferentes escalas, para explicar a variação espacial da composição de espécies de anuros. Dentre esses preditores, as unidades geomorfológicas foram predominantemente importantes para explicar a diversidade beta. No entanto, outros processos que foram também importantes para a estruturação das comunidades, como o gradiente climático presente dentro das unidades geomorfológicas, possivelmente gerados pela estrutura geomorfológica da região e pela presença da Serra do Mar. Nossos resultados podem apresentar implicações práticas relacionadas à escolha de potenciais áreas para a conservação das planícies costeiras do Sudeste brasileiro. Tendo em vista a conservação dos padrões de diversidade beta e de seus processos subjacentes, associado à falta representatividade de em termos de tamanho de áreas protegidas na porção central do litoral paulista, sugerimos que tais áreas sejam priorizadas no planejamento e implementação de novas unidades de conservação / Abstract: Individuals and species are not randomly distributed in space. Hence, the communities composed by these species also show a spatial organization. Moreover, only few species can occur in many of the available environments. Therefore, the communities present a variation in their composition which can be spatially structured, that is, there are sites more similar each other in terms of species composition than other ones. Robert Whittaker named this phenomenon as the beta component of diversity or, simply, the beta diversity. The understanding of which processes generate and maintain beta diversity is a central question of the community ecology, also helping in the proposing and applying proper ways to its conservation and management. The aims of this study were to describe the anuran beta diversity patterns of coastal plains from southeastern Brazil and assess potential processes which influence such patterns. This study comprises two chapters. In the first one, I described aspects of the anuran beta diversity in the study region and evaluated how these patterns are protected in conservation units. In the second one, I seek to understand how multiple predictors could be related with the variation in species composition, given the theoretical and empirical framework on the influence of such predictors upon anuran diversity. The results of the first chapter showed a clear spatial pattern in the variation of species composition divided in three main areas that are congruent with the geomorphological history of the region. Still, we showed that the actual network of protected areas include similar beta diversity patterns to unprotected areas. However, the representativeness of these conservation units defined as the covered area (~ 4000 km²) is very small (11.3%). The results of the second chapter demonstrated the relative importance of distinct predictors, including climate, geomorphological history and spatial scales, to explain the spatial variation of the anuran species composition. The beta diversity is mainly associated with spatial structure of geomorphological units. However, other processes are also important in structuring anuran communities, such as climatic gradients possibly related to the geomorphological structure and the presence of Serra do Mar range and also broad scale processes. Our results have practical implications related to the choice of potential areas to coastal plains conservation in southeastern Brazil. In order to conserve the beta diversity patterns and their related processes, associated to unequal representativeness defined by the size area of protected areas, mainly on the central portions of São Paulo state coast, we suggested these areas as priorities in the planning and implementing of new conservation units / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia
34

Do lentic and lotic communities respond similarly to drying?

Rosset, Véronique, Ruhi, Albert, Bogan, Michael T., Datry, Thibault 07 1900 (has links)
Disturbance is a central factor shaping composition, structure, and dynamics of local communities. Drying is a disturbance that occurs in aquatic ecosystems globally and can strongly influence their communities. Although the effects of drying may depend on ecosystem connectivity and the dispersal abilities of resident species, there have been no comparisons of community responses to drying between lentic and lotic ecosystems across different climates. Here, we predicted that drying would have stronger effects on aquatic communities in isolated lentic ecosystems than in dendritic lotic ecosystems, owing to the higher hydrological connectivity of the latter, and that drying would have stronger effects on passive than on active dispersers, because of the potentially higher recolonizing ability of the latter. We tested these predictions by comparing alpha diversity, phylogenetic relatedness, and beta diversity for active and passive dispersers, in both ecosystem types across five climatic regions. Drying caused greater declines in alpha diversity in lentic than in lotic ecosystems. Communities that experienced drying were more similar to one another than those of perennial sites, and this pattern was especially pronounced in lentic ecosystems. In contrast, drying did not influence the contributions of turnover and richness gradients to beta diversity. Additionally, dispersal mode did not influence community responses to drying. Relatively weaker effects of drying in lotic compared to lentic systems were likely due to the hydrological connectivity among perennial and temporary river sites, which may facilitate dispersal of organisms to escape drying and recolonize rewetted sites. Collectively, our results suggest that habitat connectivity may ameliorate (and fragmentation may worsen) the impacts of drying disturbance. This is an important finding in light of increasing drying and concomitant aquatic habitat fragmentation under global change.
35

Diversity Patterns of Amphibians in Lowland Amazonian Forests in Southeastern Peru

von May, Rudolf 17 April 2009 (has links)
Biological diversity is threatened worldwide and it is a priority to generate more information that can be used both for understanding ecological processes and determining conservation strategies. For my dissertation, I focused on amphibian diversity patterns in lowland rainforests of southwestern Amazonia to evaluate the importance of habitat heterogeneity in the region. My main purpose was to test the hypothesis that amphibian communities in different forest types differ in species richness, composition, and abundance. I used standardized visual encounter surveys to quantify the species composition and abundance of amphibians at four sites, each containing four forest types (floodplain, terra firme, bamboo, and palm swamp). I used leaf-litter plots to evaluate the effect of soil and leaf-litter characteristics on species richness and abundance of leaf-litter frogs. I intensively sampled at one site and then sampled three other sites (distance among sites varied 3.5-105 km) to evaluate whether the patterns observed at one site were similar elsewhere. I also updated the information on threatened and potentially threatened amphibians in Peru and my study region. I found that no species appears to have experienced population declines in southeastern Peru, suggesting that the region still contains the original species pool. My results support the hypothesis that amphibian communities differ across forest types and that patterns observed at the local scale (one site) are similar at the regional scale (four sites). My data also indicate that there is no correlation between species composition and geographic distance among sites. Instead, an important proportion of the gamma diversity is represented by habitat-related beta diversity. My leaf-litter plot data showed that part of the variation in the leaf-litter community structure is explained by soil and litter characteristics. I found that soil total phosphorus and, to a lesser extent, humidity, leaf-litter mass, and pH is linked to species presence/absence and abundance. My study provides the first standardized, quantitative comparison of amphibian community structure across four major forest types in southwestern Amazonia and highlights the fact that forest types are complementary and necessary for maintaining high species richness in the region.
36

Zooplankton Community Structure in the NE Gulf of Mexico: Impacts of Environmental Variability and the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill

Dubickas, Kate M. 22 March 2019 (has links)
In the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, relating changes in zooplankton communities to environmental factors is crucial to understanding the marine ecosystem and impacts of perturbations such as oil spills on marine ecosystems. Zooplankton samples were collected each year between 2005–2014 in spring and summer in the vicinity of the oil spill (Deepwater Horizon) that occurred in spring 2010. Zooplankton assemblages and environmental conditions significantly differed seasonally, driven by strong variations in zooplankton at continental shelf stations, and by environmental factors including Mississippi River discharge, wind direction, temperature, and chlorophyll concentrations. Total zooplankton abundances were greatest at shelf stations, intermediate at slope stations, and lowest at offshore stations. Seasonal separation was driven by greater abundances of crab zoea, cladocerans, ostracods, and the copepod, Eucalanus spp. during summer. Copepods, Centropages spp., were significant indicators of summer conditions both before and after the oil spill. Sub-regional comparisons in percent composition and abundances of six major non-copepod and seven copepod taxa revealed that most taxa either remained the same or significantly increased in abundance following the spill. A significant decrease in post oil spill taxa was observed only during spring for total copepods, Eucalanaus spp., and for salps at continental slope stations, however varying processing techniques used for zooplankton before and after the spill were employed and should be considered. . Based on our sampling periods, these results indicate that the 2010 oil spill did not significantly impact zooplankton communities in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.
37

The Influence of Canopy Cover and Canopy Heterogeneity on Plant Diversity within Oak Savannas

Noble, Sidney Lake 27 July 2020 (has links)
No description available.
38

Investigating the Turnover in Plant Species Biodiversity on Gypsum Soil Outcrops

Osterday, Lilly R. 12 May 2023 (has links)
No description available.
39

Structure and function of the communities of saproxylic beetles in Mediterranean forests

Pérez-Sánchez, Diana 11 December 2020 (has links)
Los coleópteros saproxílicos son aquellos que, al menos en una parte de su ciclo vital, dependen directamente o indirectamente de la madera muerta o moribunda y de otros organismos saproxílicos, como hongos habitantes de la madera. La madera muerta o moribunda posee una gran diversidad de formas y orígenes (árboles muertos, caídos o en pie, árboles moribundos, ramas muertas, caídas o no, oquedades o heridas en árboles sanos o no, o restos de troncos como tocones y cortezas), por lo que los organismos saproxílicos, son de gran importancia en los ecosistemas, sobre todo en los forestales. Sin embargo, y a pesar de ello están gravemente amenazados por cambios en sus hábitats y microhábitats, principalmente causados por el ser humano. Aunque tradicionalmente la biodiversidad de los ecosistemas ha sido medida a través de la identidad y abundancia de especies, en las últimas décadas se ha desarrollado otro modo medir la biodiversidad basándose en los rasgos funcionales de las especies, que ha sido conocido como diversidad funcional. El objetivo general de esta tesis es profundizar en el conocimiento de las comunidades de escarabajos saproxílicos en áreas protegidas y bien conservadas de la Península Ibérica a través del estudio de su diversidad taxonómica y funcional, con el fin de comprender qué variables y mecanismos pueden estar detrás de su biodiversidad. Con el fin de lograr este objetivo se realizó un muestreo sistemático de las comunidades de escarabajos saproxílicos en tres áreas protegidas de España (parque nacional de Cabañeros, parque natural de Font Roja y parque natural de Sierra Espadán) usando para ello tres tipos de trampas (trampas de intersección en vuelo o trampas de ventana, trampas de emergencia en oquedades, y trampas de emergencia en troncos en suelo). La incorporación funcional al estudio de estas comunidades ha permitido aseverar que el número de especies o la abundancia de estas no provee suficiente información sobre dichas comunidades, por lo que ambos aspectos de la biodiversidad deberían tenerse en cuenta a la hora de proponer estrategias de conservación, tanto a nivel temporal como espacial. Asimismo, la presente tesis ha demostrado que aunque dependen de variables distintas, tanto la diversidad taxonómica como la diversidad funcional de escarabajos saproxílicos son altamente dependientes del área de muestreo, por lo que en cada área protegida se deberían poner en marcha medidas de conservación y manejo adaptadas a sus características.
40

Using distance-similarity relations to evaluate the importance of neutral ecological drift

Link-Perez, Melanie A. 27 July 2005 (has links)
No description available.

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