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Le Cambrien basal (Étage Fortunien, env. 535 Ma) de la Formation de Kuanchuanpu dans la Province chinoise du Shaanxi, contient une grande variété de Small Shelly Fossils (SSF) préservés grâce à une phosphatisation secondaire. On y trouve les éléments exosquelettiques de groups animaux très variés mais également des embryons et stades larvaires conservés en trois dimensions et interprétés par les auteurs précédents comme de possible cnidaires. Cette faune dans son ensemble est une source d’informations exceptionnelle sur les toutes premières étapes de la diversification animal avant qu’elle n’atteigne son plein développement (ex : au cours du Cambrien inférieur, Série 2, Étage 3). Nous avons exploré ici la morphologie de ces organismes fossiles submillimétriques au moyen de la Microscopie Électronique à Balayage (SEM) et de techniques microtomographiques aux rayons X (Computed X-ray Microtomography, XTM et Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography, SRXTM), testé les hypothèses concernant leurs possibles affinités avec les cnidaires et analysé leur possible relations phylogénétiques avec les groups actuels de cnidaires. Parmi ces fossiles, certains (ex : Olivooides et formes apparentées) peuvent être raisonnablement considérées comme des cnidaires sur la base de leur anatomie interne, leur symétrie radiale et leurs caractères externes, et pourraient appartenir au groupes-souche des Scyphozoa, Cubozoa et Anthozoa. Des représentants des groupescouronne Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Anthozoa et Hydrozoa semblent apparaître plus tard dans l’évolution des cnidaires (pas avant le Cambrien inférieur Série 2, Étage 3) comme l’indiquent les méduses du gisement exceptionnel (Lagerstätte) de Chengjiang (env. 521 Ma) qui ressemblent en tout point aux méduses actuelles et possédaient déjà un système sensorial sophistiqué. Notre étude met en lumière une série de caractères atypiques chez les cnidaires ancestraux de Kuanchuanpu: 1) la coexistence de divers modes de symétrie, 2) la prédominance de la symétrie pentaradiale, 3) l’existence d’un mode de développement direct (apparemment sans larve planula) contrastant ainsi avec tous les cnidaires actuels et 4) une taille corporelle très petite compatible avec un mode de vie meiobenthique / The lowermost Cambrian (Fortunian Stage; ca. 535 Ma) Kuanchuanpu Formation from China contains a great variety of secondarily phosphatized Small Shelly Fossils such as exoskeletal elements of various animal groups but also yields three-dimension allypreserved embryos and larval stages interpreted as cnidarians by previous authors. This biota is an exceptional source of information on the early steps of animal biodiversification before its full development (e.g. early Cambrian, Series 2, Stage 3).We explored the morphology of these sub-millimetric fossil organisms by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Computed X-ray Microtomography (XTM) and Synchrotron X-ray Microtomography (SRXTM), and tested their cnidarian affinities and analyzed their possible relation to modern cnidarian groups. Some of them (e.g.Olivooides and related forms) can be reasonably considered as cnidarians based on their internal anatomy, radial symmetry and external features, and may belong to the stem groups Scyphozoa, Cubozoa and Anthozoa. Crown-group scyphozoans,cubozoans, anthozoans and hydrozoans seem to appear later in the evolution of cnidarians, not before Stage 3, Series 2 of the early Cambrian as indicated by the jellyfish from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte (ca. 521 Ma) which closely resemble modern tetraradial medusae and possessed sophisticated sensory organs. Our study highlights some important “atypical” features of the ancestral cnidarians from the Kuanchuanpubiota such as 1) the co-existence of diverse symmetry patterns, 2) the prevalence of pentaradial symmetry, 3) a possible direct development (with no planula larva) contrasting with all modern cnidarians and 4) a small body size consistent with ameiobenthic lifestyle

In the Middle to Late Ordovician a boost of marine biodiversity occurred which is regarded as the most rapid diversity in Earth’s history, and termed the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event. This time is also unique in that at least four marine meteorite craters with a good record of post-impact sediments are preserved in Baltoscandia. Catastrophic impacts can serve as constructive events and produce wide-ranging environments providing new ecological niches for a diverse biota to occupy. Additionally, they generate distinctive patterns of biological destruction and recovery. This, and the study of distribution and ecospace utilisation of Late Ordovician faunas, has been analysed in two almost contemporary (around 455 million years ago) meteorite craters (Lockne and Tvären, Sweden). Within the confined space of the impact craters environments varied from shallow and reef-like to over 200 m in depth and from well oxygenated to hypoxic. These types of environments favored colonization of different individual groups. In Tvären rhynchonelliformean brachiopod assemblages from the shallow crater rim include a range of morphotypes, not established elsewhere in the crater. Within the crater depression rhynchonelliformean brachiopods were not established until the upper third of the remaining crater fill. Colonization of post-impact faunas varies dependent on topography, depth and susbstrate within the impact craters. This is recognised for scolecodonts in Tvären and for gastropod-like mollusks, linguliform and craniiform brachiopods in both of the craters, as they inhabit a wide range of ecospace. A succession of different taxa is observed from the deepest part of each crater and upwards towards inferably more shallow, higher energy, water settings. The development of new community types and narrowly-defined niches in the craters helped further drive both α and β biodiversity during a critical phase of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event.

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No description available.