This work assembles all known materials from antiquity which have to do with Q. Cicero, the younger brother of the famous orator, and attempts a portrait of him as complete as a critical interpretation of these materials permits. The work includes reviews and discussions of inconsistencies and contradictions arising from previous views on Q. Cicero, as expressed in short theses and articles, biographies of M. Cicero, editions of Cicero's correspondence and philosophical works, Roman histories and disputes on the Commentariolum petitionis. The aims and outline of the work, review of sources (the bulk of which is in the Ciceronian corpus) and of previous works are discussed in the introduction. The opening chapter deals with the birth date, birth place, early upbringing and education of Quintus within the family environment of the Tullii Cicerones of Arpinum and the social milieu to which they belonged. Quintus inherited the incentive to seek public office in Rome and the patronage to facilitate it. However, as a result of the Civil War, what, in the end, really counted in making his career possible and marking its character was his brother's patronage and his own liberal education. The second chapter turns to the aims, the course and the outcome of Quintus' marriage to Pomponia, the sister of Atticus. Marriage into strained relations between the consorts, which ultimately led to divorce, are to be ascribed not only to incompatibility of characters, but also to the nature of the marriage sine manu. The third chapter traces Q. Cicero's cursus through to his propraetorship of Asia, followed by his legateships under Pompey in Sardinia, under Caesar in Gaul and under M. Cicero in Cilicia. It also deals with his participation in M. Cicero's campaign for the consulship, in the struggle for M. Cicero's restoration from exile and in the Civil War between Caesar and Pompey. It is shown how Quintus attained the successive steps of his public career primarily under the patronage of his elder brother, and how, as a governor, he was guided by principles originating from Cicero's ideas of statesmanship. From examination of criticisms aimed at him, Quintus emerges as an essentially honest, just and courageous administrator, and a brave, able and resourceful soldier. Conversely, his contribution to the furtherance of M. Cicero's career is shown to be also extensive. Despite some disagreements and one great quarrel after the battle of Pharsalus, the two brothers worked closely together in promoting the family's dignitas; both gained and lost from the fluctuations in each other's fortunes. In spite of his public life, Q. Cicero's main interest was in literature, the subject of chapter four. His own works consisted of satirical, dramatic, epic and didactic verse, epistolary and, perhaps, historical prose, as well as, possibly, "editing" of Lucretius and compilation of Cicero's jokes. But estimate of his merits as a writer is limited to the small portion of his compositions that survives, of which, the De XII signis and the Commentariolum, despite attacks on their authenticity, are accepted as two of the main constituents. As a writer, Quintus displays some skill and peculiarities of his own, and, above all, the pervading influence of his brother. Chapter five is an examination of the material circumstances which made possible Quintus' public life and intellectual pursuits. This involves the determination of what real estate and slaves he owned, how his cash flow was and what were his sources of income. Inheritance, endowments and gifts provided him with amenities, manpower and income, which enabled him to live a life of opulence and leisure fairly similar to that of M. Cicero. Focussing on the principal issue of Quintus' marriage, his son, the sixth and final chapter treats the birth, upbringing, education and character of Quintus Jr., and the problems he raised by his rebelliousness and his allegiance to Caesarism. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Passionately nationalistic in their native land, the Welsh have resisted the might of England for centuries and have never been assimilated into English life. Abroad, however, they have merged gracefully with other cultures and, in a relatively short time have lost their identity in new cultural patterns. That is what happened in the Welsh Settlement of Upper Canada. The distinctively Welsh characteristics of the Upper Canadian settlers lasted for scarcely more than half a century. This paper attempts to capture something of the colour and life of that little group (approximately 400 people) which glowed so briefly in the shifting pattern of Canadian history. The man responsible for the establishment of a Welsh Settlement in Upper Canada was John Matthews, a native of Glamorganshire, South Wales. He left home early in life and obtained employment in the British Civil Service. He was a junior clerk in the British embassy in Paris at the time of the French revolution and is thought to have become persona non grata with the French authorities. Friends at the American embassy were instrumental in bringing him to the United States where he was befriended by Benjamin Morgan, a wealthy Philadelphian. Under Morgan's guidance Matthews obtained work and later opened a paper store in Philadelphia which prospered greatly and within twelve years had made a small fortune for him. Just before the War of 1812-14 he returned to Wales. John Matthews, greatly distressed to find the circumstances under which his relatives lived in Wales, determined to use his means to promote their welfare by establishing them on lands of their own in the New World. The Welsh were industrious and prospered greatly on the rich lands they had obtained. Intermixed with them were English, Scotch and Irish settlers and before long most of the Welsh became conversant with the English language. The first church to be organized in the neighbourhood was the First Lobo Baptist Church founded by Baptist people from Charlotteville in the Long Point Settlement. Although the original Welsh group were all Methodists, most of them had joined the Baptist Church by 1832. Other denominations came later and Welsh people became attached to each of them. Also, they founded three Baptist churches of their own. Schools were organized in the 1840's and were extended and improved in the next twenty years. The development of good roads followed by railroads provided excellent communications with other centres. Under these influences, Welsh characteristics were soon lost. The first village in the community, Siddallsville, grew up around John Siddall's flour mill opened in 1834. Sawmills, other flour mills and a carding mill were later built along Nairn Creek which flowed through the settlement. The village of Carlisle, founded in 1848 when George Shipley built a mill, grew rapidly and became the principal village of North Middlesex, with a population of about 1,000. Denfield was recognized as a village after the opening of the London, Huron and Bruce railroad in 1876. Of these three Welsh Settlement villages, only Denfield remains to-day. The great movement of settlers to the West began to affect the Welsh soon after the middle of the 19th century and a number of the immigrants and many of the first generation Welsh Canadians moved westward to pioneer anew. In the first generation of the Welsh to marry in Canada the average number of children per family was almost nine but by the third generation the average number, had dropped to 3.4. Fourth- and fifth- generation descendants living to-day are estimated at 5,000 and are scattered over the continent with approximately two-thirds living in the United States. With each succeeding generation, occupations have become more diversified. The living descendants represent a typical cross-section of Canadian and American life. In the biographical section of this paper detailed information is recorded regarding each of 45 Welsh immigrant families. In the land location section, all the original settlers (nearly 500) in an area of almost 60,000 acres are listed alphabetically. This list gives the location and date of settlement on each farm and the reference to the original land petitions most of which are to be found in the Public Archives of Canada. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Motivated by the apparent absence of women in the history of translation, this study was undertaken both as a first step towards recognition of the women in this profession and their role in its history, and as a "tool" for subsequent research in this largely unexplored field. The first chapter provides an overview of the issue: although women were active in translation prior to the twentieth century, these women are not known today and are for the most part completely absent from material dealing with the history of translation. The methodology used to bring these translators to light is also presented in this chapter. The seventy-four women identified in this research as translators who worked towards French are introduced in chapter two. Some biographical details and a short list of works they translated are provided for each. The third chapter focuses on the life and work of four women translators who played a significant role in the history of translation: Anne de Marquets (religion--sixteenth century), Emilie du Chatelet (science--eighteenth century), Albertine Necker de Saussure (literature--early nineteenth century), and Clemence Royer (science--late nineteenth century). The thesis concludes with a synthesis and an analysis of the findings and of the conclusions drawn from these findings. Finally, an appendix containing a list of women translators who have worked towards languages other than French, an index of the women translators mentioned in the thesis, and a bibliography of works cited and consulted represent the "practical" aspect of this study. This information is intended as a starting point for researchers interested in studying French women translators in more detail or in defining the role of women in the field of translation over a given period. It may also be used for research on women who have translated towards languages other than French.

This research project is a qualitative interpretation of the life of an American woman, Alice Koller, born in the mid-1920's, who described her construction of self and meaning in two texts, An Unknown Woman (1981) and The Stations of Solitude (1990). Within the framework of qualitative research, the autobiographical text provides an appropriate document through which to study an individual woman's reflections on her changing construction of self and meaning over her lifetime and within her specific socio-cultural and psychological contexts. The long term objective to which this project hopes to contribute is the development of our understanding and broadening of our appreciation of how those twentieth-century women who have written about their lives make meaning in their lives and transform their construction of self. This contextualized study will seek to answer two interrelated questions posed of Koller's texts. Firstly, against the conceptual framework of the major psychological research which seems to bear on her development, what was the nature of Alice Koller's transformational crisis, at age 37, on Nantucket Island; and, how did Koller change her construction of self and meaning during this transformational process? Secondly, situated within her socio-cultural context, how did Alice Koller respond to the conflicting ideals and images facing an educated woman in twentieth-century America? (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The goal of this dissertation is to engage in a comprehensive and systematic examination of the writings of Ignatius of Antioch on the subject of episcopal leadership. Working on the premise that the episcopacy is both an historical and a social phenomenon in the early church this study will attempt to combine historical and social-science methods of investigation. A review of 20th century scholarly work on the Ignatian correspondence will provide a point of departure for this work. In particular three issues raised by contemporary scholarship will be addressed. (1) With respect to the question of the historical plausibility of Ignatius' views on episcopal leadership, this study will seek to understand how his concept of the episcopacy fits into early 2nd century Christianity as it was developing in Syria. An examination of Matthew, the Didache, the Johannine Gospel and Epistles, and the Gospel of Thomas will be the basis of a reconstruction of leadership trends that are roughly contemporary with Ignatius. A comparison of these texts with the Syrian bishop's writings will show that his views seem to be partially rooted in developments that were preserved by the writers of the Didache and the Johannine texts. (2) Ignatius' notions about episcopal leadership also reflect hierarchical social arrangements that were prevalent in the Greco-Roman households which formed the immediate social context of the early church. Patronage was the means by which patriarchal authority was extended beyond the household into economic, political and religious relationships. The patron-broker-client model of social organization will be presented as an unconscious emic model shaping the way many early Christian writers, including Ignatius, understood and expressed the relationship between God and humans, and between church leaders and their congregations. (3) Weber's typology of authority, together with his work on the routinization of charisma, will be employed as an etic model to classify and compare the different leadership preferences displayed in the early Christian texts under review. This analysis will show that Ignatius' own personal authority was of the charismatic type deriving from his liminal position as a martyr-elect. He argues that bishops are chosen by the Holy Spirit to occupy an office which clothes them with "grace" and with spiritual gifts. These arguments point to a conception of episcopal authority that may be described etically as being of the routinized charismatic type. In this respect Ignatius moves beyond, and in a somewhat different direction than other early Syrian Christian writers.

"This annotated bibliography of American biography has been compiled to be used in correlation with the units in the teaching of eleventh grade American history as presented in the Social Studies Bulletin prepared for the Secondary Schools of Florida through the leadership of the Florida State Education Department. This bibliography could serve as a guide to the selection of biographies by history teachers or librarians and as a supplementary reading list for pupils. It is assumed that it may be of special help to those teachers of eleventh grade American history who previously have taught the course as if it were just an extension of eighth grade United States history, but who now wish to increase hemispheric solidarity by including, in the eleventh grade course, those experiences relating to Canada and Latin America"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "June, 1953." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science." / Advisor: Sara K. Srygley, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-93).