This thesis examines the bioleaching of six different Canadian nickel sulphide ores at pH levels above what is generally considered optimum (~ 2). The majority of work discussed in this thesis was conducted with a low-grade metamorphosed ultramafic nickel sulphide ore from Manitoba, Canada (Ore 3), which is not currently exploitable with conventional technologies. The ore contains 21% magnesium and 0.3% nickel. Nickel is the only significant metal value, and is present primarily as pentlandite. A substantial fraction of the magnesium is present as the serpentine mineral lizardite, making processing difficult with conventional pyro- and biohydrometallurgical techniques. The work with this ore has two equally important objectives: to minimize magnesium mobilization and to obtain an acceptable level of nickel extraction. Batch stirred-tank bioleaching experiments were conducted with finely ground ore ( 147 µm) with temperature and pH control. The first phase of experimentation examined the effect of pH (2 to 6) at 30 °C, and the second phase examined all combinations of three pH levels (3, 4 and 5) and five temperatures (5, 15, 22.5, 30, and 45 °C).

Resumo: A lixiviação bacteriana, ou biolixiviação é um processo biotecnológico que se fundamenta na utilização de microorganismos capazes de solubilizar metais pela oxidação de sulfetos metálicos, sendo nos dias atuais, uma das mais importantes alternativas para a extração de metais, sobretudo do ponto de vista ambiental e econômico. Uma das principais espécies utilizada neste processo é o Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, uma bactéria aeróbia, mesofílica e acidofílica, que obtém energia pela oxidação de substratos inorgânicos, basicamente o íon ferroso e compostos reduzidos de enxofre. Todavia, a interação dessa espécie com os sulfetos metálicos é um assunto ainda pouco entendido e de muita controvérsia na literatura. Com intuito de melhor entender estas diferenças, o presente trabalho estudou a oxidação da molibdenita (MoS2) e da covelita (CuS) pelo A. ferrooxidans linhagem LR em algumas condições fisiológicas, destacando-se a fonte energética de crescimento (íon ferroso e S0) e a remoção das substâncias exopoliméricas (EPS) para células crescidas em íon ferroso. A cinética de oxidação destes sulfetos também foi avaliada. Tais estudos foram realizados pela técnica de respirometria celular, que permite avaliar rapidamente a oxidação do substrato a partir de medidas de oxigênio consumido pela bactéria. Em todas as condições testadas a covelita apresentou significativa diferença de oxidação pelo A. ferroxidans LR em comparação com a molibdenita. A análise da cinética de oxidação dos sulfetos demonstrou que a molibdenita apresenta uma cinética que segue Michaelis-Menten, o mesmo não acontecendo para a covelita, provavelmente devido a forma com que estes sulfetos reagem ao ataque químico-bacteriano, fato determinado pelas estruturas eletrônicas dos sulfetos minerais. / Abstract: Bacterial leaching or bioleaching is a biotechnological process that applies microorganisms able to solubilize metals by metallic sulfides oxidation. This process is nowadays one of the most important alternatives for recovering metals, mainly by environmental and economic aspects. One of the most important bacteria employed in this process is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. It is a gram-negative, acidophilic, aerobic and chemoautotrophic bacteria that obtain energy by the oxidation of inorganic substrates like ferrous ion and reduced sulfur compounds, including metal sulfides. Nevertheless, the interaction of this specie with metallic sulfides remains unclear. With the aim to understand these interactions, the present work has studied the covellite (CuS) and molydenite (MoS2) oxidation by A. ferrooxidans strain LR under different physiological conditions such as the source energy for growth (S0 and ferrous ion) and the removal of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). These studies were performed by respirometric technique tha t allow evaluating very quickly the substrate oxidation by oxygen uptake measures. For all essays realized it was observed that the efficiency of covellite oxidation by A. ferrooxidans LR is much better than molybdenite. On the kinetic oxidation analyses, molybdenite revealed to be according to Michaelis-Menten substrate saturate kinetic. On the other hand, covellite was not in agreement with Michalis-Menten kinetic. This finding is probably associated with the pathway which these minerals sulfide react to chemistry-bacterial attack, what is influenced by electronic structures of mineral sulfides. Regarding essays performed with cells of A. ferrooxidans strain LR grown with different substrates (ferrous ion and sulfur) and to essays which EPS of bacterial cells were removed, the results obtained did not show differences in covellite oxidation. / Orientador: Oswaldo Garcia Júnior / Coorientador: Denise Bevilaqua / Banca: Assis Vicente Benedetti / Banca: Fernanda de Castro Reis / Mestre

Le bien-être de notre société dépend directement de plusieurs métaux tels que les métaux communs, les métaux précieux et, de plus en plus, les terres rares (TR). L’utilisation de ces métaux s’est développée dans de nombreuses applications, notamment pour les équipements électriques et électroniques (EEE), et leur approvisionnement interrompu est un enjeu majeur. Les appareils électroniques modernes contiennent jusqu’à 60 métaux différents. Il y a un intérêt grandissant pour les sources secondaires de ces métaux, en particulier les déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE), afin de compenser des potentiels manques d’approvisionnement. Cette thèse de doctorat montre les avantages et les inconvénients des approches biologiques et chimiques, ainsi que des avancées et perspectives dans le développement de procédés viables for la récupération des métaux des DEEE. Un nouveau procédé for la récupération des métaux des DEEE est décrit et une évaluation économique est fournie. Les cartes de circuits imprimés (CCI) des ordinateurs de bureau, des ordinateurs portables, des téléphones mobiles et des serveurs de télécommunications ont été étudiées. Les CCI jetées contenaient des concentration en métaux dans la gamme (% du poids) cuivre (Cu) 17,6 - 39,0 / fer (Fe) 0,7 - 7,5 / aluminium (Al) 1,0 - 5,5 / nickel (Ni) 0,2 - 1,1 / zinc (Zn) 0,3 - 1,2 , ainsi que de l’or (Au) (en ppm) 21 - 320. Une analyse multicritère (AMC) utilisant la méthodologie du processus d’analyse hiérarchique (PAH) a été appliquée pour la sélection de la technologie de récupération des métaux la plus adaptée. Une preuve du concept d’extraction par une double étape de biolixiviation est fournie, dans laquelle 98,4% et 44,0% de cuivre et d’or, respectivement, ont été extrait. Cette procédure d’extraction à deux étapes a aussi été appliquée pour la lixiviation chimique des métaux des CCI. La lixiviation du Cu a été effectuée dans un mélange acide d’H2SO4 et d’H2O2, alors que l’Au a été extrait par du S2O32− dans un milieu NH4+, catalysé par CuSO4. Avec les conditions opératoires optimales, 99,2% et 92,2% de Cu et d’Au, respectivement, ont été extrait de ces matériaux. La récupération sélective du Cu du lixiviat de biolixiviation a été étudiée en utilisant la précipitation sulfurée et l’extraction électrolytique (electrowinning). Le Cu a été récupéré de manière sélective en 50 min sur la cathode à une densité de courant de 50 mA, avec une efficacité de 97,8% et une purité de 65,0%. L’analyse technico-économique et l’évaluation de la viabilité environnementale de la nouvelle technologie à un stade précoce de développement ont été étudiées / The well-being of the society depends on a number of metals, including base metals, precious metals and increasingly rare earth elements (REE). The usage of these metals increased in numerous applications, including electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), and their interrupted supply is at stake. There is an increasing interest in the secondary sources of these metals, particularly waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in order to compensate their potential supply deficit. This PhD thesis demonstrates the advantages and bottlenecks of biological and chemical approaches, as well as the advances and perspectives in the development of sustainable processes for metal recovery from WEEE. Furthermore, a novel process for the recovery of metals from WEEE is described, and a techno-economic assessment is given. Discarded printed circuit boards (PCB) from personal computers (PC), laptops, mobile phones and telecom servers were studied. Following an extensive literature review, a novel characterization and total metal assay method is introduced and applied to waste board materials. Discarded PCB contained metals in the range of (%, by weight): copper (Cu) 17.6 - 39.0, iron (Fe) 0.7 - 7.5, aluminum (Al) 1.0 - 5.5, nickel (Ni) 0.2 - 1.1, zinc (Zn) 0.3 - 1.2, as well as gold (Au) (in ppm) 21 - 320. In addition, multi-criteria analysis (MCA) using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP) methodology is applied for selection of the best-suited technology. A proof-of-concept for a two-step bioleaching extraction was given, in which 98.4% and 44.0% of the Cu and Au, respectively, were extracted. The two-step extraction concept was applied to the chemical leaching of metals from PCB. Cu leaching was carried in an acidic oxidative mixture of H2SO4 and H2O2, whereas Au leaching for carried out by S_2 O_3^(2-) in a NH_4^+ medium, catalyzed by CuSO4. Under the optimized parameters, 99.2% and 96.6% of Cu and Au, respectively, were extracted from the board material. Selective recovery of Cu from the bioleaching leachate using sulfidic precipitation and electrowinning was studied. Cu was selectively recovered on the cathode electrode at a 50 mA current density in 50 minutes, with a 97.8% efficiency and 65.0% purity. The techno-economic analysis and environmental sustainability assessment of the new technology at an early stage of development was investigated

O consumo de produtos eletroeletrônicos, em especial de computadores pessoais, aliado ao avanço tecnológico, diminui a vida útil dos equipamentos a cada geração e o intenso marketing gera um rápido processo de substituição. As placas de circuito impresso são encontradas em praticamente todos os equipamentos eletroeletrônicos e são particularmente problemáticas para reciclar devido à mistura heterogênea de material orgânico, metais e fibra de vidro. As placas de circuito impresso são industrialmente recicladas através de processos hidrometalúrgicos e pirometalúrgicos. A biolixiviação, que é baseada na capacidade de microrganismos solubilizarem metais, pode ser usada para recuperar metais de placas de circuito impresso de computadores. O presente trabalho investigou a recuperação de metais de placas de circuito impresso de computadores obsoletos através de processo biohidrometalúrgico. Para isto, as placas de circuito impresso foram processadas através de cominuição seguida de separações magnética e eletrostática. A bactéria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-LR foi cultivada e adaptada na presença de placas de circuito impresso. Um estudo de frascos agitados foi realizado com amostras do material não-magnético das placas de circuito impresso para avaliar a influência da adaptação bacteriana, densidade de polpa, velocidade de rotação e concentração inicial de Fe+2 sobre o processo de biolixiviação. Lixiviação com sulfato férrico também foi estudada para efeitos de comparação. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, Eh, concentração de Fe+2, extração de metais, análises por EDS e MEV. Os resultados da caracterização mostraram que através da separação magnética é possível obter duas frações: material magnético, na qual ficou concentrado o ferro, permitindo sua posterior recuperação, e material não-magnético, na qual ficou concentrado cobre, zinco, alumínio, estanho e ouro. Para a extração de cobre, zinco e alumínio, os resultados do estudo de frascos agitados permitiram a definição das condições: densidade de polpa de 15gL-1, volume de inóculo (bactérias adaptadas) de 10% (v/v), velocidade de rotação de 170rpm, e concentração inicial de Fe+2 de 6,75gL-1. A lixiviação com sulfato férrico extraiu menos de 35% do cobre do que a biolixiviação, porém é um fator contribuinte assim como a lixiviação promovida pelo ácido sulfúrico. Imagens obtidas no MEV mostraram diferenças entre as superfícies das amostras do material não-magnético antes e depois da biolixiviação, evidenciando os pits de corrosão formados pelo contato da bactéria. / Consumption of electric and electronic devices, especially personal computers, coupled with technological advances, decreases equipments lifespan in each generation and intense marketing generates a rapid replacement process. Printed circuit boards are found in all electric and electronic equipment and are particularly problematic to recycle because of the heterogeneous mix of organic material, metals, and fiberglass. Printed circuit boards are industrially recycled by hydrometallurgical and/or pyrometallurgical processes. Bioleaching, which is based on microorganisms capacity to dissolve metals into soluble elements, can be used to metal recovery from printed circuit boards of computers. This study investigated metal recovery from printed circuit boards of obsolete computers by biohydrometallurgical process. Printed circuit boards from obsolete computers were processed by size reduction followed by magnetic and electrostatic separation. Bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans-LR were grown and adapted in presence of printed circuit board. A shake-flask study was carried out with printed circuit board samples (non-magnetic material). Influence of bacterial adaptation, pulp density, rotation speed and initial Fe+2 concentrations on bioleaching were evaluated. Leaching in acidic ferric sulphate was also performed for comparison purposes. Analyzed parameters were: pH, Eh, ferrous iron concentration, metals extraction, EDS and SEM analysis. Characterization results shown that through magnetic separation, it is possible to obtain two fractions: magnetic material, which concentrated iron; and non-magnetic material, which concentrated copper, zinc, aluminum, tin and gold. Results obtained in the extraction of copper, zinc and aluminum allowed to define optimal conditions of bioleaching: pulp density of 15gL-1, inoculums volume (adapted bacteria) of 10% (v/v), rotation speed of 170rpm, and Fe+2 initial concentration of 6.75gL-1. Ferric iron leaching extracted less copper (35%) than bioleaching, but its a contribute factor as leaching promoted by diluted sulfuric acid. SEM analysis shown surface differences between non-magnetic material before and after bioleaching, showing corrosion pits formed by bacteria contact.

A geração global de resíduo eletrônico (REEE) cresce a uma taxa de cerca de 40 milhões de toneladas por ano. Este constante incremento na geração dos REEEs somado às recentes legislações tem impulsionado pesquisas focadas no desenvolvimento de processos para recuperação de materiais e sustentabilidade da indústria eletroeletrônica. Dentro destes resíduos encontram-se as placas de circuito impresso (PCIs) que estão presentes na maioria dos EEEs, têm composição heterogênea que varia conforme a fonte, país de proveniência e época, e tecnologia de fabricação. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo a realização de rota hidrometalúrgica (extração sólido/líquido) e biohidrometalúrgica para reciclagem de placas de circuito impresso provenientes de impressoras visando a recuperação de cobre. Para tanto fez-se inicialmente a caracterização da PCI e o desenvolvimento de uma rota combinada de processamento físico seguida por processo hidrometalúrgico ou biohidrometalúrgico. O processamento físico e de caracterização foi composto por etapas de cominuição, separação magnética, classificação granulométrica, visualização em lupa binocular, microscópio eletrônico de varredura acoplado com detector de energia dispersiva de raios X (MEV/EDS), digestão ácida, perda ao fogo e análise química por AAS e ICP. Já, o processamento hidrometalúrgico foi composto por duas etapas de extração sólido/líquido: a primeira em meio sulfúrico e a segunda em meio sulfúrico oxidante. Para os ensaios de biolixiviação utilizou-se uma cepa bacteriana composta por 3 espécies microbianas: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans e Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. Verificou-se que a placa possui 4 camadas de Cu intercaladas por fibra de vidro, é lead free e seus componentes representam 53,3 % do seu peso. A porcentagem em massa correspondente ao material não magnético é de 74,6 % e do magnético 25,4 %. Os materiais moído e não magnético apresentaram tendência em se acumular nas frações mais grossas. Já na fração magnética, o acúmulo do material ocorreu na fração mais fina (0,053 mm). A separação dos metais através de classificação granulométrica não foi possível. A PCI estudada é composta por: 44% de metais, 28,5 % de polímeros e 27,5 % de cerâmicas. Sendo: Ag-0,31 %; Al3,73 %; Au0,004 %; Cu 32,5 %; Fe1,42 %; Ni0,34 %; Sn0,96 % e Zn0,64 %. A extração de Cu no processamento hidrometalúrgico foi de 100 % e o fator de recuperação 98,46 %, o que corresponde a uma recuperação de 32 kg de Cu em 100 kg de PCI. Já no processamento biohidrometalúrgico, a extração de Cu alcança 100 % quando utilizados 2 % de densidade de polpa e 100 % de inóculo. O fator de recuperação é de 100 % e a recuperação de Cu em 100 kg de PCI é de 32,5 kg. O processamento hidrometalúrgico apresenta como vantagens quando comparado ao biohidrometalúrgico: menor tempo de extração (8 h versus 4 dias); seletividade de Cu; maior densidade de polpa (10 % versus 2 %). Já a biolixiviação utiliza menor temperatura de trabalho (36 ºC versus 75 ºC) e dispensa a etapa de separação magnética. / The increase in the generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), 40 tons per year, allied with the enactment of new laws encouraged researches focused on the developing of processes to reclaim materials and on the sustainability of the electrical and electronics industry. Whithin the WEEEs, printed circuit boards (PCB) composition is heterogeneous and varies according to several factors, including: kind of EEE, when and where it was produced and fabrication technology. The goal of this work is to perfom a hydrometallurgical route (solid/liquid extraction) and a biohydrometallurgical route to recycle PCB from discarded printers aiming the recovery of copper. To do so, the first step is to characterize the PCB and the development of a combined fisical processing followed by hydrometallurgical and biohydrometallurgical routes. The fisical and the characterization processes, in that order, consisted on griding, magnetic separation, granulometric screening, visual assessement by binocular magnifier, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), acid digestion, loss on fire, and chemical analyzes by AAS and ACP-OES. The hydrometallurgical stage consisted on two steps: solid/liquid extraction by sulfuric acid leaching and solid/liquid extraction by sulfuric acid leaching with an oxidizing agent. The bioleaching tests used a mixed bacterial strain: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans. The results showed that PCB consisted on 4 layers of copper and fiber glass, not possesing lead (leadfree) on its composition and its components constitute 53.3 % weight percentage. The non-magnetic fraction (NMA) weight percentage represents 74.6 %, the magnetc fraction (MA) represents 25.4 %. The grinded material and the non-magnetic fraction presented an inclination to build up on thickest fractions. On the magnetic fraction this behavior occurred on the thinnest fraction (0.053 mm). The metal separation using granulometric screening was not possible and the visual assessement by binocular magnifier was conclusive for this research. The composition of the studied PCB is: 44 % metal, 28.5 % polymer and 27.5 % ceramics. Beeing: Ag-0.31 %, Al-3.73 %, Au-0.004 %, Cu-32.5 %, Fe-1.42 %, Ni-0.34 %, Sn-0.96 %, Zn-0.64 % and other metals-4.10 %. Copper extraction in the hydrometallurgical process achieved 100 % and the recuperation factor 98.46 %, which means a recovery of 32 kg of copper in 100 kg of PCB. However in biohydrometallurgical process, the copper extraction reached 100 % on the forth day using a 2 % pulp density and 100 % inoculum. The recuperation factor achieved 100 % and, therefore, copper recovery in 100 kg of PCB is equivalent to 32.5 kg. The hydrometallurgical processing has many advantages compared to the biohydrometallurgical processing: a smaller extraction time (8 h versus 4 days); Cu selectivity; higher pulp density (10 % versus 2 %). However, bioleaching uses an inferior working temperature (36 ºC versus 75 ºC) and dont require magnetic separation.

No description available.

Resumo: O uso de bactéria como agente catalítico para a lixiviação de sulfetos minerais é largamente reconhecido hoje como uma metodologia interessante, sob o ponto de vista econômico e ambiental, para a recuperação de metais de minérios de baixo teor e minérios de sulfetos secundários. A principal bactéria envolvida neste processo é a Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, um microrganismo quimiolitotrófico e acidofílico que obtem energia através da oxidação do íon Fe2+, além das formas reduzidas de enxofre e sulfetos metálicos. Dentre os principais sulfetos metálicos encontrados nas reservas minerais de cobre, a calcopirita (CuFeS2) é a que mais se destaca por ser o mineral mais abundante e ao mesmo tempo mais refratário ao ataque químico e bacteriano. Dentro desse contexto há um grande interesse no desenvolvimento de alternativas para otimizar a solubilização desse sulfeto. Neste trabalho, foram investigados o efeito dos ácidos orgânicos e dos íons cloreto e na biolixiviação da calcopirita visando aumentar a solubilização de cobre desse sulfeto. Com relação ao estudo com os ácidos orgânicos (cítrico e oxálico) foi observado que a linhagem bacteriana A. ferrooxidans-LR foi inibida na presença do ácido oxálico em concentrações acima de 0,10 % m/v. Na presença de ácido cítrico não foi observado nenhuma inibição nas diversas concentrações utilizadas. Em função desses resultados o ácido cítrico foi o único a ser utilizado nos ensaios posteriores. O teste de solubilização das jarositas demonstrou que uma vez formada, ela não pode ser dissolvida pela adição de ácido cítrico. No entanto, este ácido mostrou-se eficiente para conter a formação destes precipitados. Os ensaios de biolixiviação na presença de ácido cítrico foram acompanhados por 60 dias através de medidas de pH, Eh, [Fe2+], [Fe3+] e [Cu]... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a chemolithoautotrophic and acidophilic bacterium which obtain their energy through oxidation of the iron Fe+2 or sulfur reduced compounds including metal sulfides. This is the main species involved in the metals bioleaching process, an useful methodology to recovery metals from low-grade ores and secondary mineral sulfides. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) is one of the most abundant mineral of copper but at same time the most refractory, both to chemical and biological dissolution. So, it would be interesting to develop alternative technologies to improve copper solubilization from this sulfide. In the present study, it was investigated the effect of chlorine ions and organic acids in the chalcopyrite dissolution by bioleaching experiments in shake flask, following parameters such as pH, Eh, [Fe2+], [Fe3+] and [Cu]. Solid residues collected during and at end of assays were analyzed by X rays diffraction technique. The presence of Cl- ions (150 mmol L-1) and bacterium cells increased the degree of the chalcopyrite dissolution, comparing to abiotic controls and without Cl- ions. Two kinds of cell adaptation were also investigated regarding their capacity of copper extraction. Chlorine adapted cells showed better results than those adapted only to grow in chalcopyrite. Indeed, successive Cl- ions addition during experiment time course, at 10 e 20 mmol L-1, enhanced copper extraction in about 70% in comparison to that of 150 mmol L-1 in just one addition. The main new solid phase obtained during bioleaching experiments in inoculated flasks was covelllite, but jarosites were not produced in these conditions, which can be considered a promising result. The successive chlorine ion addition in bioleaching of chalcopyrite showed to be a potential procedure to improve copper extraction. Basically, the studies of organic acids (citric and oxalic)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Oswaldo Garcia Júnior / Coorientador: Denise Bevilaqua / Banca: Assis Vicente Bendetti / Banca: Ana Teresa Lombardi / Mestre

This thesis examines the bioleaching of six different Canadian nickel sulphide ores at pH levels above what is generally considered optimum (~ 2). The majority of work discussed in this thesis was conducted with a low-grade metamorphosed ultramafic nickel sulphide ore from Manitoba, Canada (Ore 3), which is not currently exploitable with conventional technologies. The ore contains 21% magnesium and 0.3% nickel. Nickel is the only significant metal value, and is present primarily as pentlandite. A substantial fraction of the magnesium is present as the serpentine mineral lizardite, making processing difficult with conventional pyro- and biohydrometallurgical techniques. The work with this ore has two equally important objectives: to minimize magnesium mobilization and to obtain an acceptable level of nickel extraction. Batch stirred-tank bioleaching experiments were conducted with finely ground ore ( 147 µm) with temperature and pH control. The first phase of experimentation examined the effect of pH (2 to 6) at 30 °C, and the second phase examined all combinations of three pH levels (3, 4 and 5) and five temperatures (5, 15, 22.5, 30, and 45 °C).

Acidophilic bacteria are able to tolerate acidic environment and also contribute to the lowering of environmental pH value, implying potential applications in metal-leaching technology extracting metals from tailings and electronic wastes. In this study, we conducted a sampling campaign in abandoned Tin mine in Ha Thuong, Thai Nguyen province, to isolate acidophilic bacteria and to study physiological characteristics of the isolated bacteria. As a result, two acidophilic bacteria were successfully isolated and identification by 16S rDNA gene sequences showed that the two bacteria are similar to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (98% and 94 % of similarity, respectively). Both strains are tolerant of pH in the range of 3 and have the ability to grow optimally at temperatures of 30°C. / Vi khuẩn ưa axit có ý nghĩa ứng dụng trong công nghệ tách rút kim loại từ quặng đuôi và ngay cả từ rác thải linh kiện điện tử. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã tiến hành thu mẫu ở mỏ thiếc bỏ hoang ở Hà Thượng, Thái Nguyên nhằm phân lập được nhóm vi khuẩn ưa axit và qua đó nghiên cứu một số đặc điểm sinh lý của vi khuẩn này. Kết quả chúng tôi đã phân lập được hai chủng vi khuẩn ưa axit. Định dạng bằng nhận diện trình tự gen 16S rADN cho thấy hai vi khuẩn này có độ tương đồng là 98% với vi khuẩn Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans và 94% Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Cả hai chủng vi khuẩn đều có tính chịu pH trong khoảng 3 và có khả năng sinh trưởng tối ưu ở nhiệt độ 30oC.

A gradual depletion of high-grade ores, coupled with the growing demand for mineral commodities across the world has culminated in the increased exploitation of lean-grade ores with complex mineralogy. The mineral processing industry commonly uses an extensive range of inorganic, naturally derived or synthetic organic reagents in the separation of valuable minerals from the ore. Froth flotation is a commonly used separation technique to float or depress different sulfide minerals from the ore, based on their surface properties. In recent times, biological processes have been attracting attention in mineral processing and metal recovery operations due to a number of factors, especially lower operating costs, lesser energy consumption and their environment friendly nature. The use of microorganisms and their direct derivatives in mineral processing, hydrometallurgy and in the bioremediation of mineral industry discharges has led to the emerging area of “Mineral Bioprocessing”. In this study, a family of four microorganisms belonging to the Bacillus species, viz., Paenibacillus polymyxa, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis was used to ascertain the selective floatability of sphalerite from a sphalerite-galena mineral mixture. These bacteria are Gram positive, mesophilic, neutrophilic, aerobic and spore forming. The major objectives of the investigation include: a) Identification and characterization of bioreagents derived from Bacillus species for the flotation of sphalerite from a sphalerite-galena mixture b) Optimization of the flotation process for the enhanced recovery of sphalerite using specific bioreagent combinations c) Modes and mechanisms of bacterial adaptation to minerals and their consequent effects on the flotation of sphalerite and galena d) Elucidation of the mechanisms of microbe-mineral interactions and the role of extracellular secretions in sphalerite flotation column and their N-terminal residues were identified using Edmann N-terminal sequencing. Additionally, sequences of several internal peptides from both the proteins were determined using Tandem Mass Spectrometric techniques. A database search revealed that the sequences of these peptides are unique and have not been reported earlier. It was established that the bacterial cells give high flotation recovery of sphalerite under buffered conditions and that it took place only in the presence of anionic buffers. Additionally, the viability of the bacterial cells was not required for the flotation of minerals. A major finding of this study was that other than extracellular DNA (eDNA), none of the other bacterial surface components like teichoic acids, surface proteins, polysaccharides played a positive role in the flotation process. Nucleic acids, more particularly single stranded DNA (ssDNA), facilitated sphalerite flotation relative to double stranded DNA (dsDNA). A probable mechanism of ssDNA -mediated selective flotation of sphalerite has been presented. A negative role for non-DNA surface components was also observed. This led to the realization of the need for an optimum ratio of DNA to non-DNA components in the selective flotation of sphalerite from a sphalerite-galena mixture. It was found that the surface physiochemical properties of the mineral adapted bacteria differed significantly from that of the unadapted bacteria. Adaptation enhanced the flotation recoveries of the corresponding mineral vis-à-vis the unadapted bacteria. Sphalerite adapted bacteria secreted more extracellular proteins while the galena adapted bacteria secreted more polysaccharides compared to the unadapted bacteria. Sphalerite adapted bacteria selectively floats more sphalerite from the mineral mixture than the galena adapted as well as the unadapted bacteria. It was evident from the electrokinetic studies that the surface charge of the chosen sulfide mineral adapted bacteria was less negative relative to the unadapted bacteria. This phenomenon was observed with all the four bacterial species used in this study. A noteworthy finding was that the bacteria especially B.circulans induce a change in morphology from rod to sphere as a strategy during adaptation to a toxic mineral such as galena. This phenomenon has been shown to involve changes in crucial cell wall components as well as changes in the levels of expression of bacterial cytoskeleton elements involved in the maintenance of the rod shape. This aspect of the study involved the partial sequencing of the B.circulans homolog of the key cytoskeleton gene, mreB (B gene in murien cluster e), using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by DNA sequencing. A Genbank search indicated that this is the first report of the sequence of B.circulans mreB gene. This was followed by measuring the hypothesized downward changes in the levels of expression of the mreB gene by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The possible mechanisms of the adaptive morphological changes and of the interaction of the chosen sulfide minerals with the family of microorganisms studied have been discussed with respect to their bioflotation efficiency.