<p>This bachelor’s project deals with both the problems of high water temperatures in fishponds at a fish-breeding station and of the nutrient load to nearby lakes and streams in Harasjömåla, Blekinge, Sweden. Theory, methods and results of the analyses are presented in the report.</p>

<p>The sub-tropical climate in Namibia, together with nutrients in the water, creates a good environment for phytoplankton, especially cyanobacteria. Many of these produce toxins that can be harmful to people and animals. One of the algal toxins is microcystin. This toxin is hepatotoxic, i.e. the primary toxic effect is on the liver. Cases of gastro-enteritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, muscle weakness and paralysis have been associated with the consumption of water containing high numbers of blue-green algae all over the world.</p><p>The aim of this study was to chart the possible linkages between algae toxins in drinking water and related illnesses in Windhoek. The results showed an annual seasonal variation in gastrointestinal problems and high levels of liver-enzymes. It also showed a relationship between the concentration of chlorophyll-a in the drinking water and the cases of people suffering from diarrhoea.</p>

<p>Det Svenska miljömålet om återföring av växtnäring till produktiv mark, har gjort att ett initiativ till certifieringsregler för återföring av avloppsslam tagits fram. Som en viktig del i dessa certifieringsregler krävs det att slammet måste vara hygieniserat. På centrala reningsverket i Kristianstad vill man använda sig av termofil rötning som hygieniseringsmetod. Termofil rötning innebär en höjning av temperaturen i rötkamrarna med ca 19 °C.</p><p>Denna rapport syftar till att göra en jämförelse av energiutbyte och ekonomi vid olika driftsbetingelser för rötkammaranläggningen.</p><p>I rapporten ingår energibalans som inkluderar uppvärmning av slammet, värmeförluster från rötkammarens väggar, samt energiinnehållet i den producerade rötgasen. En jämförelse görs mellan alternativen mesofil och termofil rötning, samt mellan nuvarande uppvärmning och tilläggsisolering av rötkamrarna. Termofil rötning innebär ett ökat energibehov beroende på uppvärmning och värmeförluster, eftersom en högre temperatur erfordras än vid mesofil rötning. Resultaten visar att rent energimässigt skulle det bästa alternativet vara isolera rötkamrarna och behålla mesofil rötning. Resultatet baseras på att gasproduktionen förblir den samma vid termofil rötning. Om gasproduktionen skulle öka med mer än 14 % vid termofil rötning, blir alternativet med termofil rötning och tilläggsisolering det mest lönsamma alternativet från energisynpunkt.</p>

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med rapporten var att ta reda på hur förskolan anpassar lärandesituationer för barn i behov av Alternativ och Kompletterande Kommunikation (AKK) samt hur AKK används vid naturkunskapsundervisning. Metoderna för rapporten är observation och intervjuer. Jag sökte information via Internet, litteratur och rapporter. Huvudresultatet av rapporten visar att förskolan arbetar med tecken som stöd, objekt, gester, ord, bilder, sinnen och Karlstadmodellen. Undervisning sker i naturliga situationer och enskilt barn – pedagog. Pedagogers utbildning, fortbildning och handledning är mycket viktig för barnets språkutveckling. Slutsatser är att pedagoger skall vara pålästa och kunniga i barnets AKK för att tolka barnet och förmedla situationer som uppstår under en dag. Språktester hjälper barn att hitta lämplig AKK. Pedagogen skall vara och lära tillsammans med barnen i aktuella situationer samt låta barnen praktiskt prova och undersöka med sina sinnen, barnen bör även ha distans till oss vuxna ibland, en vrå att dra sig undan i.</p><p>Nyckelord: AKK, förskolan, naturkunskap, undervisning</p>

<p>Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka huruvida trevärt aluminium, Al3+, inverkar på nitratupptaget hos veteplantor (Triticum aestivum L.). Vidare avsågs att undersöka om koncentrationen av jonen ifråga är av betydelse. Hypotesen som testades var att trevärda aluminiumjoner verkar hämmande på nitratupptaget och att hämningsgraden stiger med ökad koncentration av aluminium. I försöket användes veteplantor som togs i bruk på sjunde dagen efter det att de planterats i vermikulit. Provlösningarna utgjordes av fyra stamlösningar som endast skilde sig åt med avseende på aluminiumjonskoncentrationen. I en av lösningarna fanns inget tillsatt aluminium och i de andra förekom aluminium i 3, 12 respektive 24 μM. Halten nitrat var densamma i alla lösningarna och uppgick till 645 M. Plantorna fick stå i provlösningarna med genomluftning under 16 timmar. Provlösningarna analyserades spektrofotometriskt. För att tömma apoplasten fick plantorna stå i destillerat vatten under 20 minuter. Sedan torkades plantorna i 5 timmar varefter de vägdes. Resultaten visade på signifikant skillnad mellan referens och 3 μM Al relativt 12 respektive 24 μM Al. Nitratupptaget var signifikant lägst i 24 μM Al och näst lägst i 12 μM Al. Ingen signifikant skillnad kunde påvisas mellan referens och 3 μM Al. Försöket indikerar att Al3+ har en hämmande verkan på nitratupptaget hos det veteslag som här har använts och att denna hämning tilltar med stigande koncentration av Al3+ i lösningen över de koncentrationer som brukats i denna studie.</p> / <p>The aim of the study was to investigate whether Al3+ affects the uptake of nitrate in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.). Furthermore the aim was to investigate if the concentration of the ion had any importance. The hypothesis at trial was that Al3+ has an inhibiting effect on the nitrate uptake and that the effect increases with elevated concentrations of aluminium. In the trial wheat seedlings were used on the seventh day after being planted in vermiculite. The test solutions were four stem solutions which only differed in the aluminium concentration. In one of the solutions there was no aluminium added. Further on aluminium were used at 3, 12, and 24 micro molars. The nitrate level was the same in all solutions and the amount was 645 μM. The plants were kept in the test solutions for 16 hours with aeration. The test solutions were analyzed spectrophotometricaly. The apoplast was empted by placing the plants in distilled water for 20 minutes. Afterwards the plants were dried for 5 hours and then weighed. The result showed significant difference between the reference and 3 μM Al in respect to 12 respectively 24 μM Al. The nitrate uptake was significantly lowest in 24 μM Al and second lowest in 12 μM Al. No significant difference could be shown between reference and 3 μM Al. The study indicates that Al3+ has an inhibiting effect on the nitrate uptake of the wheat type which been used here and that the inhibition increases with elevated concentrations of Al3+ in the solutions over the range of concentrations used in this study.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Surface-water includes different kinds of pollutants from traffic and roads. To prevent these pollutants to reach nearby lakes one can construct surface-water ponds on locations with heavy traffic. At Bergviks shopping centre in Karlstad, two ponds, one smaller and one bigger has been constructed in order to decrease the pollutant pressure from the receiving waters of Kattfjorden. Several heavy metals are essential for plants and animals in low concentration but when they occur in higher concentrations, they become toxic to the organism. The larger pond at Bergviks shopping centre has a sedimentation function so the heavy metals sink to the bottom thereby not releasing directly in to Kattfjorden. In this specific pond, plants such as reed, reed mace and broad-leafed pondweeds are the most common plants. Several studies show that plants have the ability to accumulate and store heavy metals. Reed, reed mace and broad-leafed pondweeds in the surface-water pond at Bergviks shopping centre all contains arsenic, lead, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, copper, nickel and zinc. The results in this study show a significant difference between these three plants in their heavy metals concentration. Broad-leafed pondweed had significantly higher concentrations of chrome, cobalt, copper, nickel, vanadium and zinc than reed and reed mace. Cadmium, copper and zinc also occurred in higher concentrations in broad-leafed pondweeds than in the sediment of the pond. Broad-leafed pondweed has the ability to accumulate heavy metals directly from the water while reed and reed mace only accumulate heavy metals with their roots. This could help explain the higher concentration in broad-leafed pondweed, in comparison to reed and reed mace. Due to the high metal concentration in the broad-leafed pondweed, it is appropriate to put this plant in surface-water ponds, in order to elute the water from heavy metals. Regular harvesting of the broad-leafed pondweed from the surface-water pond, together with regular cleaning of the sediment may reduce the occurrence of heavy metals in the recipient of Kattfjorden.</p>

<p>I min undersökning har fem pedagoger genom strukturerade intervjuer fått svara på frågor om utevistelsen på förskolan. Syftet var att ta reda på vad pedagogerna själva hade för tankar och syften bakom utevistelsen, samt hur de arbetade med detta. Frågorna gällde både vistelsen i den planerade miljön på gården och i naturen.</p><p>Pedagogerna fann mestadels fördelar med utevistelse på förskolan. Några av fördelarna som nämndes var god motorikträning och social träning. Sedan belystes även vikten av ”frisk luft” och att pedagogerna upplevde barnen som piggare om de vistades utomhus emellanåt.</p><p>Minst en gång om dagen går de ut med barnen på gården och de flesta försöker komma iväg till skogen en gång i veckan. En nackdel kan vara avbrott under leken inomhus för att man ska gå ut.</p><p>Pedagogerna framhåller i sina syften att de vill förmedla kunskap om naturen på ett lekfullt sätt för att stimulera barnens nyfikenhet genom utevistelsen.</p><p>Nyckelord: Lekfullt, nyfikenhet, pedagogers syften, utevistelse</p>

<p>The main purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge in biology by immigrant pupils. My investigation is based on the pupil and I have focused on positive and negative factors that affect their performance in biology.</p><p>The study is based on marks in year 2006/2007, a survey and interviews made with four immigrant pupils at a compulsory school in Västra Götaland.</p><p>The study indicates that the result in biology of immigrant pupils is lower compared to Swedish.</p><p>Difficulties in language, the commitments by their parents and their surroundings are the main factors that affect their results negative.</p>

<p>One of the importent things that preschool has to learn are to treat each other as different individuals. That´s why It´s sp importent that we as pedagogues are aware of the fact that boys and girls are treated different so we can act of our experiences and learn to concentrate on the childrens individuals. We as adults have to set a good exampel.</p><p>The aim of this stydy was to find out if the pedagogues treat the children different because of their gender. The purpose was also to se if there were any differences when the children were indoor or outdoor. This study is based on eight observations at two preschools in different activities outdoor  and indoors the preschool. I have also intervjued the pedagogues to find out what they think about genderdifferents and if they belive that they are teating the children different.</p><p>The result showed that the children were treated different because of their gender. The pedagogues were not aware of there act. The survey also showed that the boys got a whole lot more attention compared to the girls. This result were not different depending on if the children were outdoor or indoors.</p><p>Keywords: enviroment, equility, gender, preschool.</p>

<p>Individuals are believed to benefit in various ways from living in groups. Some species aggregate to increase foraging efficiency and others for social benefits. Why pinnipeds rest in groups is yet not fully understood, but the most common ecological explanation is the benefit of enhanced predator detection. An alternative explanation for grouping, however, is limitation of resting sites, which might force individuals to aggregate on whatever sites are available, despite increased competition for food or mates. My study is focused on group size of harbor seals (<em>Phoca vitulina</em>) hauled out on glacial-ice sites in Glacier Bay National Park (GBNP), southeastern Alaska. Previous studies have focused on group size on terrestrial haul-out sites, and to date there have been few studies of group size on ice haul-out sites. In GBNP, peak numbers of harbor seals haul out during the pupping season (June) and the molting season (August). During the breeding season, glacial-ice haul-out sites are used primarily by females and pups, and during the molting season by molting seals. Because seals may group as an anti-predator strategy, I hypothesized that group size would differ between seasons, with smaller groups of mainly mothers and pups during June, and larger-sized groups during August. The aim of this study was to quantify seasonal differences in the group size of harbor seals hauled-out on glacial ice in Johns Hopkins Inlet (JHI), GBNP, southeastern Alaska, and in addition, map and evaluate the large-scale (inlet-level) spatial distribution of seals for both seasons. I used digital aerial survey photographs to map seal distributions. Four replicate aerial surveys were conducted in JHI during both June and August, 2007. Digital images were georeferenced and imported into ArcGIS 9.3 where the location of each seal was digitized, and group size calculated. To assess within- and between-season differences in spatial distribution of hauled-out seals, the location of each seal for each survey was plotted in ArcGIS, and compared to a visual assessment of ice coverage. My results show that harbor seals in JHI tend to haul out as single individuals during both seasons, with the exception of nursing mothers with pups in June, and a few larger-sized groups in August. There was no significant difference in group size between seasons. Group size during June varied very little, with almost all seals being either single or in mother-pup pairs. Group size varied more during August, and although most seals hauled out alone, there were a few larger-sized groups during each survey. The relative lack of grouping behavior is contrary to previous research, and it suggests that predation pressure on seals within JHI may be lower than at other sites. The greater frequency of larger-sized groups in August appeared to be related to reduced availability of glacial-ice haul-out sites. Long-term reduction in the availability of glacial-ice haul-out sites in JHI, therefore, might lead to shifts in haul-out behavior of harbor seals, with more seals being forced to haul out in larger groups.</p>