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Bioluminescence is widespread in the deep sea. In this study, the density of bioluminescent zooplankton (BL) in the deep Mediterranean Sea (MS) and at the Mid- Atlantic Ridge (MAR) was measured using low light video cameras, including a novel Image intensified Charge coupled device for Deep-sea research (ICDeep). Sampling across the MS was undertaken to assess the potential optical interference from bioluminescent zooplankton at sites under consideration for the construction of a large volume deep-sea neutrino telescope. This revealed a general decrease in deep pelagic BL densities from the western to the eastern MS. Deep mesopelagic (500- 1000 m depth) BL density was significantly correlated (p<O.Ol) to Chlorophyll a concentrations in overlying surface waters. Investigation of temporal variation across the Ionian Sea revealed a deep (500-2400 m depth) peak in BL density on the western side, present in the autumn (mean BL density: 14.92 m-3) and absent the following spring (4.52 rrr"). Deep water of Adriatic origin flows into this region and may seasonally affect the supply of organic material, increasing deep zooplankton populations. Near-bed (0-400 m above bed, mab) BL density in the MS was found to decrease exponentially with seafloor depth; by a factor of 4.2 every 1000 m. BL densities were consistently lower in the MS than at the MAR. On the MAR, at ca. 2500 m depth, an investigation of altitude effects within the near seafloor region revealed a weak increase (0.016 m-3 mab': p<O.OOl) in BL and inacroparticle (>430 urn] densities from 100 to 5 mab attwo sites south of the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone. At 2500 m depth on the MAR, a rate of naturally occurring bioluminescent events was observed to be 155 times higher (3.1 min+) than literature based predictions, prompting a reappraisal of the visual environment in relation to complex topography of the deep-sea floor.

A practical and versatile instrument has been developed both to optimize the chemistry of bio- and chemiluminescence reactions and to measure ultra-trace quantities of associated analytes. The instrument consists of a pneumatic flow injection system linked to a detection cell and a signal processing and readout system. The disk-like cell is defined by a pair of transparent polycarbonate plates and an "0-ring" seal. The lower plate is fitted with a reflective surface. Relative to conventional cells, this design affords a high light collection efficiency due to the large volume element viewed by an end-on photomultiplier detector. Rapid mixing of reagents within the cell is brought about by injection through concentric ports of a commercial burner assembly at a point immediately below the detector. The signal processing and readout system is interfaced to an IBM compatible personal computer and appropriate software was written to automate the instrument and to acquire, store and manipulate luminescence data. With this instrumentation, the chemistry of marine bacteria biolumin-escence was optimized for the determination of cis-11-hexadecenal and, ostensibly, for both the quantification of aldehyde insect pheromones and potential use in the control of insect pests. With the optimized conditions, cis- 11-hexadecenal was determined to 7 fmol. This value is more than an order of magnitude lower than detection limits for aldehyde pheromones reported in the literature. In this research, the less ideal substrates undecanal and heptanal were determined to 570 fmol and 65 pmol, respectively. Marine bacteria bioluminescence was used to quantify several epoxide analytes derivatized to aldehydes. 1,2-epoxyhexadecane and 1,2- epoxytetradecane were determined to 55 and 51 fmol, respectively. 1,2- epoxyoctane and cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane were determined to 100 and 3 pmol, respectively. The latter compound is the sex pheromone of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), a well-known and serious agricultural pest. Epoxides have not been quantified previously with either chemi- or bioluminescence. The instrument was modified for use with corrosive solutions and for possible interfacing with a high performance liquid chromatograph. Lophine chemiluminescence was optimized for the analysis of Cr(VI) samples. With the optimized conditions, aqueous solutions of Cr(VI) were determined to 50 μg /L. A plausible explanation is offered for the dependence of lophine chemiluminescence on the concentration of the chromium species. / Graduation date: 1991

Thesis (M.Eng.). / Written for the Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/05/13). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. William M. Landing, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Oceanography. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 15, 2004). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Southern California, 1972. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-112).

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School. / Bibliography: leaves 126-128.