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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Amélioration des Techniques de Génération de maillages 3D des structures anatomiques humaines pour la Méthode des Éléments Finis

Lobos, Claudio 05 March 2009 (has links) (PDF)
La Méthode des Éléments Finis (MEF) est probablement la technique la plus utilisée pour la modélisation du comportement mécanique des solides. Elle s'appuie pour cela sur une discrétisations du domaine modélisé en éléments géométrique simples. Cette partition porte le nom de maillage. La solution<br />numérique calculée par la MEF dépend directement du maillage utilisé. <br /><br />Dans le domaine médical, les solides modélisés sont de géométrie complexe. De ce fait, nous privilégions une génération de maillage par recalage élastique. Cette méthode permet d'adapter un maillage prédéfini (atlas) aux données du patient afin de représenter le domaine à modéliser. Le recalage élastique applique un déplacement aux sommets de l'atlas sans en changer sa topologie. Les méthodes de recalage élastique ne prennent cependant pas en considération les éléments, par conséquent il est possible de produire des éléments invalides et de mauvaise qualité. Cette thèse présente une méthode de réparation des éléments après application d'un recalage élastique.<br /><br />Les méthodes de recalage élastique peuvent être limitées lorsque, pour une région spécifique du domaine modélisé, une discrétisation plus fine est requise alors qu'elle ne figure pas dans le maillage atlas. Par exemple dans le domaine de la neurochirurgie, un maillage d'une densité plus importante peut être nécessaire dans la région de la voie d'abord, entre la craniotomie et la tumeur car dans cette région d'intérêt une précision accrue de la simulation est requise. Nous proposons dans cette thèse une méthode de génération de maillage comportant un raffinement local. Cette méthode est appliquée à la neurochirurgie.
2

ANCHORAGE MECHANICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROOT SYSTEMS

Mickovski, Slobodan B. 11 October 2002 (has links) (PDF)
The research presented in this thesis investigated the functional morphology in root<br />systems in relation to their role in providing anchorage and stability for the plant. The<br />anchorage of different types of root systems was investigated as well as the influence of<br />several environmental factors on their development. The research presented in this study<br />was completed by carrying out a series of modelling, glasshouse and field experiments<br />using physical models and real plants.<br />Model experiments showed that solid shapes like bulbs are very well suited to resist<br />vertical upward forces, i.e. uprooting, and shed some light on the mechanism of<br />anchorage in bulbs. The results of this laboratory study showed that the concept of<br />optimal bulb shape for resisting uprooting is viable. Uprooting tests on real bulb plants<br />confirmed the theoretical predictions about it, and showed the importance of bulbs in<br />anchorage. This study also proved that the soil type is very important when considering<br />the anchorage of solid forms such as the bulbs.<br />A second model study showed that the simplest models of tap root-dominated root<br />systems increase their resistance to overturning with the third and second power of the<br />embedment depth in cohesionless and in cohesive soil respectively. Anchorage strength<br />of a root system dominated by a tap root will be maximised with minimum investment<br />in structural material if the rigid tap root is extended to the largest possible depth.<br />Glasshouse experiments investigated the effects of soil compaction and temperature,<br />two of the most important environmental factors, on the axial and lateral development<br />and growth of the root systems of two species of young pines. It was shown that the rate<br />of root axial development in both investigated species decreased with an increase in soil<br />compaction whereas the lateral proliferation of their roots systems was not significantly<br />affected by soil consistency. A temperature of around 15°C seemed to be optimal for the<br />root elongation rate since the increase in axial length of the roots of both species was<br />largest at this temperature.<br />The effect of mechanical stimulation as a factor in shaping the root systems of plants<br />was also investigated. Apart from the changes caused to the parts of the tree above<br />ground, unidirectional periodical flexing induced an increase in total root CSA and<br />larger biomass allocation to the roots parallel to the plane of flexing which, in turn,<br />resulted in a larger number of major lateral roots with larger CSA in the plane of<br />flexing.<br />Mechanical and morphological field studies on two Pinus species investigated the<br />anchorage of plate root systems and showed that lateral roots in older trees are not the<br />major source of root anchorage in either of the species; although in both species a<br />certain asymmetry in the distribution of major lateral root CSA was recorded, it was not<br />significantly correlated to the asymmetry in anchorage.

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