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The peripheral skin microcirculation reflects the overall health status of the cardiovascular system and can be examined non-invasively by laser methods to assess early cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, i.e. oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Examples of methods used for this task are the laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and laser fluorescence spectroscopy (LFS), which respectively allow tracing blood flow and the amounts of the coenzyme NAD(P)H (nicotamide adenine dinucleotide) that is involved in the cellular production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) energy. In this work, these methods were combined with iontophoresis and PORH (post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia) reactive tests to assess skin microvascular function and oxidative stress in mice and human subjects. The main focus of the research was exploring the nonlinear dynamics of skin LDF and NAD(P)H time series by processing the signals with the wavelet transform analysis. The study of nonlinear fluctuations of the microcirculation and cell energy metabolism allows detecting dynamic oscillators reflecting the activity of microvascular factors (i.e. endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, sympathetic nerves) and specific patterns of mitochondrial or glycolytic ATP production. Monitoring these dynamic factors is powerful for the prediction of general vascular/metabolic health conditions, and can help the study of the mechanisms at the basis of the rhythmic fluctuations of micro-vessels diameter (vasomotion). In this thesis, the microvascular and metabolic dynamic biomarkers were characterised <i>in-vivo</i> in a mouse model affected by oxidative stress and a human cohort of smokers. Data comparison, respectively, with results from control mice and non-smokers, revealed significant differences suggesting the eligibility of these markers as predictors of risk associated with oxidative stress and smoke. Moreover, a relevant link between microvascular and metabolic oscillators was observed during vasomotion induced by α-adrenergic (in mice) or PORH (in humans) stimulations, suggesting a possible role of cellular Ca²⁺oscillations of metabolic origin as drivers of vasomotion which is a theory poorly explored in literature. As future perspective, further exploration of these promising nonlinear biomarkers is required in the presence of risk factors different from smoke or oxidative stress and during vasomotion induced by stimuli different from PORH or α-adrenergic reactive challenges, to obtain a full picture on the use of these factors as predictors of risk and their role in the regulation of vasomotion.

Optical microscopy is the simplest and the gold standard method adopted for the screening and subsequent diagnosis of various hematological and infectious diseases like malaria, sickle cell disease, tuberculosis etc. In addition to infectious disease diagnosis, its applications range from routine blood tests to the more sophisticated cancer biopsy sample analysis. Microscopy Tests (MTs) follow a common procedural workflow: (1) A technician prepares a smear of the given sample on a glass slide in a specific manner depending on the sample and the disease to be diagnosed; (2) The smeared slide is subsequently exposed to fixative agents and different histochemical stains specific to the diagnosis to be performed and (3) the prepared slide is then observed under a high quality bright- field bench-top microscope. An expert pathologist/cytologist is required to manually examine multiple fields-of-views of the prepared slide under appropriate magnification. Multiple re-adjustments in the focus and magnification makes the process of microscopic examination time consuming and tedious. Further, the manual intervention required in all the aforementioned steps involved in a typical MT, makes it inaccessible to rural/resource limited conditions and restricts the diagnostics to be performed by trained personnel in laboratory settings. To overcome these limitations, there has been considerable research interest in developing cost-effective systems that help in automating MTs. The work done in this thesis addresses these issues and proposes a two-step solution to the problem of affordable automation of MTs for cellular imaging and subsequent diagnostic assessment. The first step deals with the development of a low cost portable system that employs custom-built microscopy setup using o -the-shelf optical components, low cost motorized stage and camera modules to facilitate slide scanning and digital image acquisition. It incorporates a novel computational approach to generate good quality in-focus images, without the need for employing high-end precision translational stages, thereby reducing the overall system cost. The process of slide analysis for result generation is further automated by using image analysis and classification algorithms. The application of the developed platform in automating slide based quantitative detection of malaria is reported in this thesis. The second aspect of the thesis addresses the automation of slide preparation. A major factor that could influence the analysis results is the quality of the prepared smears. The feasibility of automating and standardizing the process of slide preparation using Microfluidics with appropriate surface fictionalization is explored and is demonstrated in the context of automated semen analysis. As an alternative to the mechanism of fixing the spermatozoa to the glass slide by smearing and chemical treatment with fixative, microfluidic chips pre-coated with adhesive protein are employed to capture and immobilize the cells. The subsequent histochemical staining is achieved by pumping the stains through the microfluidic device. The proof-of-principle experiments performed in this thesis demonstrate the feasibility of the developed system to provide an end-to-end cost-effective alternative solution to conventional MTs. This can further serve as an assistive tool for the pathologist or in some cases completely eliminate the manual intervention required in MTs enabling repeatability and reliability in diagnosis for clinical decision making

En recherche pharmacologique, les cellules vivantes sont largement utilisées comme milieu d’analyse pour l’étude de phénomènes biologiques, par exemple l’apoptose et la réorganisation cellulaire. Différents outils de caractérisation sont développés pour analyser et traduire l’information biologique en information quantifiable. L’imagerie à résonance de plasmons de surface (SPR) est sensible aux variations d’indice de réfraction d’un milieu à l’interface d’une couche métallique. Elle trouve beaucoup d’applications en recherche pharmacologique, car elle permet l’acquisition d’images en temps réel et ne nécessite pas de marquage biologique comme en fluorescence. Cependant, la nature propagative des plasmons de surface (PSP) limite la résolution spatiale en entraînant un étalement de l’information dans la direction de propagation des PSP. Cela signifie qu’il est difficile de résoudre spatialement des détails inférieurs à la distance de propagation des PSP, généralement de l’ordre des dizaines de micromètres. Plusieurs groupes de recherche travaillent à améliorer la résolution spatiale en imagerie SPR. Toutefois, bien que des résolutions spatiales inférieures à celle de la propagation ont été obtenues, certains compromis ont été effectués, par exemple la diminution de la résolution temporelle ou d’indice de réfraction.Ce projet de thèse s’insère dans cette problématique en concevant et réalisant des dispositifs plasmoniques permettant d’améliorer la résolution spatiale en imagerie SPR, tout en minimisant les compromis avec les autres paramètres d’imagerie. Ces puces SPR sont composées de surfaces métalliques nanostructurées dont le mode guidé combine les propriétés des plasmons propagatifs et des plasmons localisés. Un logiciel de modélisation numérique a permis de démontrer comment la géométrie des surfaces nanostructurées peut être optimisée de manière à réduire la longueur d’atténuation du mode plasmonique tout en conservant un fort contraste d’imagerie. Une géométrie optimale a été identifiée et des structures de l’ordre du micromètre ont été observées à l’aide des puces SPR nanostructurées optimisées. Les résultats expérimentaux ont montré une réduction de la propagation d’un facteur de 6.3 comparativement à des surfaces métalliques uniformes.Les performances en imagerie des puces SPR nanostructurées ont été validées au cours d’études de réponses cellulaires causées par stimulation à l’aide d’agents pharmacologiques. Les puces ont été employées dans l’étude de changements d’intégrité de couches confluentes de cellules suivant stimulation. La quantification de trous intercellulaires dans la couche a montré une augmentation significative du nombre de petits trous détectés (~ 1-2 µm2) lors de l’utilisation des puces SPR nanostructurées. Cette augmentation de la sensibilité à l’activité cellulaire est le résultat de l’amélioration de la résolution spatiale. Finalement, l’étude de la morphologie de cellules au cytosquelette fortement linéaire a permis d’observer des structures subcellulaires et de suivre la réorganisation du cytosquelette de cellules individuelles. Les puces SPR nanostructurées conçues et réalisées au cours de cette thèse montrent un fort potentiel d’applications en imagerie sans marquage de cellules vivantes. / In pharmacological research, living cells are widely used as the sensing medium for biological studies, such as cell apoptosis and cellular reorganization. Different characterization systems are developed to analyze and quantify biological information. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging is sensitive to minute refractive index variations occurring in a medium at the proximity of a metal layer. It has found many applications in pharmacological research since it allows the real-time image acquisition and does not require biological labeling like for fluorescence. However, the propagative nature of surface plasmons (PSPs) limits the spatial resolution by spreading the information in the direction of propagation of the PSPs. This means that it is difficult to spatially resolve details smaller than the attenuation length of the PSPs, generally of the order of tens of micrometers. Several research groups have worked on this limitation in order to improve the spatial resolution in SPR imaging. However, although spatial resolutions lower than that of the propagation have been obtained, those techniques require compromises, such as loss in temporal resolution or in refractive index.In this thesis project, plasmonic devices were designed and characterized in order to improve spatial resolution in SPR imaging, while minimizing compromises with other imaging parameters. These SPR chips are composed of nanostructured metal surfaces where the guided mode combines the properties of propagative plasmons and localized plasmons. An in-house numerical modeling software has demonstrated how the geometry of nanostructured surfaces can be optimized to reduce the attenuation length of the plasmonic mode, while maintaining a high imaging contrast. An optimum geometry was identified, and micron-sized structures have been observed using the optimized nanostructured SPR chips. Experimental results showed a reduction in propagation by a factor of 6.3 compared to uniform metal surfaces.The imaging performances of nanostructured SPR chips were assessed by studying cellular responses following pharmacological stimulation. The chips were used in real-time monitoring of integrity changes in confluent endothelial cell layer following stimulation. Quantification of intercellular gaps in the monolayers showed a significant increase in the number of small holes detected (~ 1μm2) when using nanostructured SPR chips. This increase in sensitivity to cellular activity is the result of improved spatial resolution. Finally, the study of morphology in highly linear cytoskeleton cell enabled the observation of subcellular structures and the monitoring of cytoskeleton reorganization in individual cells. The nanostructured SPR chips designed and realized during this thesis show a strong potential label-free live cell imaging.

Broadband spectral content is required to support ultrashort pulses. However this broadband content is subject to dispersion and hence the pulse duration of corresponding ultrashort pulses may be stretched accordingly. I used a commercially-available adaptive ultrashort pulse shaper featuring multiphoton intrapulse interference phase scan technology to characterise and compensate for the dispersion of the optical system in situ and conducted experimental and theoretical studies in various inter-linked topics relating to the light-matter interaction. Firstly, I examined the role of broadband ultrashort pulses in novel light-matter interacting systems involving optically co-trapped particle systems in which inter-particle light scattering occurs between optically-bound particles. Secondly, I delivered dispersion-compensated broadband ultrashort pulses in a dispersive microscope system to investigate the role of pulse duration in a biological light-matter interaction involving laser-induced cell membrane permeabilisation through linear and nonlinear optical absorption. Finally, I examined some of the propagation characteristics of broadband ultrashort pulse propagation using a computer-controlled spatial light modulator. The propagation characteristics of ultrashort pulses is of paramount importance for defining the light-matter interaction in systems. The ability to control ultrashort pulse propagation by using adaptive dispersion compensation enables chirp-free ultrashort pulses to be used in experiments requiring the shortest possible pulses for a specified spectral bandwidth. Ultrashort pulsed beams may be configured to provide high peak intensities over long propagation lengths, for example, using novel beam shapes such as Bessel-type beams, which has applications in biological light-matter interactions including phototransfection based on laser-induced cell membrane permeabilisation. The need for precise positioning of the beam focus on the cell membrane becomes less strenuous by virtue of the spatial properties of the Bessel beam. Dispersion compensation can be used to control the temporal properties of ultrashort pulses thus permitting, for example, a high peak intensity to be maintained along the length of a Bessel beam, thereby reducing the pulse energy required to permeabilise the cell membrane and potentially reduce damage therein.