The agroforestry practice of establishing shelterbelts and/or windbreaks composed of tree and shrub species that include buffaloberry (Shepherdia argentea Nutt.), caragana (Caragana arborescens Lam.) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is widespread within Saskatchewan. Shelterbelts play major roles in reducing wind speed, trapping snow, improving land-use efficiency and increasing economic returns. However, the practice of alley cropping within Saskatchewan is not popular. Also, apart from the protective roles the tree species offer in shelterbelts, some species have atmospheric nitrogen (N2)-fixation capabilities through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) that are potentially important. The simultaneous integration of trees and crops on the same land management unit may lead to competition between crops and trees for growth resources such as nutrients, soil moisture and incoming radiation, the latter leading to limited access of light for understory crops. Understanding the contributions of the trees in supplying nitrogen (N) through BNF and in modifying microclimatic conditions in the alleyways would generate information needed to know their impacts on yield and nutrition of associated crops. In order to assess the contribution of the tree species in supplying N and minimizing interspecific competition while maximizing the benefits of tree-based intercropping systems, the thesis quantified the BNF capabilities of each species under greenhouse conditions using 15N dilution techniques and assessed how much of the fixed N2 is transferred to associated triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) and oats (Avena sativa L.) under field conditions. Growth and yield of oats was also studied by measuring photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil moisture in a Manitoba maple (Acer negundo var. negundo L.) -oats alley cropping system at Indian Head, SK. The BNF results showed that each of the test species fixes a substantial amount of N and there was a high transfer of N to associated triticale and oats. Results from the interspecific interaction study also showed that soil moisture was the primary factor affecting oats yields followed by light, with the south-lying oat plants affected more than north-lying. It can be concluded that alley cropping systems can be a practical and beneficial agroforestry practice within Saskatchewan. However, the distance between tree rows should be wide enough to permit farm machinery operations.

Spartina anglica est une espèce exotique hybride qui peuple les zones humides littorales. Elle s’est installée dans le Bassin d’Arcachon au cours des années 1980, envahissant fortement les prés salés et les platiers vaseux préalablement occupés par, respectivement, Spartina maritima et Zostera noltei. Face aux inquiétudes suscitées par cette installation, cette thèse vise à comprendre, par une approche pluridisciplinaire, les mécanismes d’invasion et ses conséquences sur le milieu physique et sur les espèces végétales natives. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier l’occupation de niche par S. anglica et ses interactions avec deux espèces intertidales natives : S. maritima et Z. noltei.L’analyse d’images aériennes et satellitales a montré que, 30 ans après l’invasion, dans une zone densément peuplée par la Spartine native, la zone haute des prés salés a peu changé : la Spartine anglaise a occupé des niches vides et n’a pas remplacé la végétation native. Une expérience de transplantation réciproque et de mesures de biomasses confirment ce résultat, en montrant que l’espèce native offre une résistance à la colonisation de l’espèce exotique. L’expansion de la Spartine anglaise vers les replats de marée de l’intérieur du Bassin serait ainsi liée à sa capacité à tolérer les perturbations physiques, à sa forte plasticité de croissance en milieu oxygéné et riche en nutriments et à son comportement auto-facilitateur. Sa forte capacité d’ingénieur d’écosystèmes semble être liée à son système racinaire très développé, qui améliore l’aération des sols fortement anoxiques.Les effets de la colonisation par l’espèce exotique des zones intertidales basses à subtidales sur la Zostère naine sont importants sur le long-terme (dizaines d’années). En tant qu’ingénieur d’écosystèmes, la Spartine exotique favorise l’élévation du sol par sédimentation, entrainant une dessiccation du sédiment, peu favorable à la Zostère. Des mesures physiques au sein de patchs de l’espèce exotique suggèrent que l’élévation du sédiment est toutefois lente, surtout liée à une allocation de biomasse spécifique aux racines ainsi qu’à des rhizomes qui permettent de résister à l’érosion.En termes de gestion et de conservation des prés salés du Bassin d’Arcachon, ces résultats indiquent l’importance de limiter les perturbations physiques et les apports nutritifs qui pourraient rompre la résistance à l’invasion de la Spartine native. Ils supportent aussi l’idée que la Spartine anglaise pourrait être un allié robuste face à l’élévation du niveau de la mer. / Spartina anglica is a hybrid exotic cordgrass that inhabits coastal salt marshes. This species arrived in the Bay of Arcachon in the 1980s and since has importantly colonized the salt marshes and tidal flats formerly only occupied by the native Spartina maritima and Zostera noltei, respectively. This work aims at understanding, with an interdisciplinary perspective, the invasion mechanisms of this exotic cordgrass and the outcoming changes of its introduction in the Bay, both to the physical environment and to the native vegetation. Different approaches were considered in order to assess the niche occupancy by the exotic Spartina and its interactions with the native intertidal species, Spartina maritima and Zostera noltei.The analysis of aerial and satellite images has shown that, in about 30 years after the invasion, within a zone densely populated by the native Spartina, the global high marsh zone did not suffer significant changes with the arrival of the invasive species. Spartina anglica did not replace the existent marsh vegetation, it occupied empty niches along the intertidal area instead. Additionally, experimental works of cross transplantation and biomass measurements have corroborated that the native Spartina maritima offers resistance to the colonization by the exotic Spartina. It was also shown that the invasive occupies the same intertidal niche along the elevation and anoxic gradient than the native. The successful extension of Spartina anglica into the mudflat towards the inner Bay was related to its likely ability to tolerate physical disturbances, its strong growth plasticity in nutrient- and oxygen- rich patches and its self-facilitator behaviour. This latter trait is related to its strong ecosystem-engineering ability due to its prominent root system and consequent ability to ameliorate the oxygenation of highly anoxic soils.The main effect of the exotic Spartina species on the seagrass is related to its stronger ecosystem-engineering ability, favouring bed accretion up to levels that are not favourable to Z. noltei through enhancement of desiccation stress. However, hydrodynamic and altimetry measurements have shown that the process of bed accretion is slow and, due to the cordgrass’ specific preferential biomass allocation to roots, its efficiency is more linked to its resistance to erosion rather than sediment trapping.The results of this study provide relevant information for the definition of appropriate action and conservation strategies of marsh zones in the Bay of Arcachon, and in particular the importance of limiting physical disturbance and nutrient pollution that could disrupt the biotic resistance of the native cord grass. They also suggest a potentially important role of the exotic species in facing increasing Sea Level Rise.