In this dissertation we present theoretical and experimental investigation of the performance quality of fiber optical communication systems, and find new and inexpansive ways of increasing the rate of theinformation transmission.The first part of this work discuss the two major factors limiting the quality of information channels in the fiber optical communication systems. Using methods of large deviation theory from statisticalphysics, we carry out analytical and numerical study of error statistics in optical communication systems in the presence of the temporal noise from optical amplifiers and the structural disorder of optical fibers. In the slowly varying envelope approximation light propagation through optical fiber is described by Schr\{o}dinger's equation. Signal transmission is impeded by the additive (amplifiers) and multiplicative (birefringence) noise This results in signal distortion that may lead to erroneous interpretation of the signal. System performance is characterized by the probability of error occurrence. Fluctuation of spacial disorder due to changing external factors (temperature, vibrations, etc) leads to fluctuations of error rates. Commonly the distribution of error rates is assumed to be Gaussian. Using the optimal fluctuation method we show that this distribution is in fact lognormal. Sucha distribution has ""fat"" tails implying that the likelihood of system outages is much higher than itwould be in the Gaussian approximation. We present experimental results that provide excellent confirmation of our theoretical predictions.In the second part of this dissertation we present some published work on bisolitons in the dispersion managed systems. Modern communication systems use light pulses to transmit tremendous amounts of information. These systems can be modeled using variations of the Nonlinear Shrodinger Equation where chromatic dispersion and nonlinear effects in the glass fiber are taken into account. The best system performance to date is achieved using dispersion management. We will see how the dispersion management works and how it can be modeled. As you pack information more tightly the interaction between the pulsesbecomes increasingly important. In Fall 2005, experiments in Germany showed that bound pairs of pulses (bisolitons) could propagate significant distances. Through numerical investigation we found parametric bifurcation of bisolitonic solutions, and developed a new iterative method with polynomial correction for the calculation of these solutions. Using these solutions in the signal transmission could increase the transmission rates.