Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-84).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de separar através de um processo de dissolução, o PVC e o alumínio, que são componentes das embalagens tipo blister, comumente encontradas como embalagens de remédios. Foi estudado, também o efeito da radiação ionizante sobre o PVC e por ultimo a reciclagem mecânica do PVC separado por um processo de extrusão. O material utilizado neste trabalho foi oriundo de sobras da industria farmacêutica, sendo este em forma de embalagens com defeito ou rebarbas de produção.Após a moagem do material, realizada para facilitar o manuseio e a homogeneização do sistema, foram escolhidas duas bases para realizar a dissolução do alumínio: hidróxido de sódio e hidróxido de potássio. Foi utilizado um sistema com duas concentrações (1 e 2M), as duas bases, e se o sistema teria ou não agitação. Este método limitou em oito os experimentos. Após a dissolução, amostras do material foram submetidas a radiação ionizante, realizada com doses de 50, 100, 150 e 200kGy no acelerador de elétrons modelo Dynamitron II do CTR-IPEN/CNEN-SP. Estas amostras foram submetidas a seguir, a um ensaio de resistência à tração para a analise das modificações causadas pela irradiação. A última etapa do trabalho foi a reciclagem mecânica do PVC já separado do alumínio. A reciclagem foi realizada em equipamento industrial, uma extrusora de tubos de PVC. O material foi aditivado em um misturador intensivo com lubrificantes, estabilizantes térmicos carga e pigmento, e em seguida processado na forma de eletrodutos de PVC rígido.Após os oito experimentos, o sistema com a base hidróxido de potássio concentração 2M e agitação, foi o que apresentou a melhor relação entre tempo de dissolução e característica do material resultante, não ocorrendo degradação no PVC. Nas amostras irradiadas, a coloração do material foi modificada assim como o seu alongamento que foi maior quanto maior a dose de irradiação recebidas, indicando a cisão das cadeias de PVC. A extrusão do PVC foi realizada com sucesso, conseguindo-se transformar aproximadamente 200kg de PVC, devidamente aditivado, demonstrando assim a viabilidade de todo o trabalho. / The objective of this research was to separate, by means of a process of dissolution, the PVC and the aluminum that compose blister packs, generally used for pharmaceutical pills. We also studied the effect of the ionizing radiation on the PVC, and, finally, the mechanical recycling of the separated PVC, by a process of extrusion. The material we used in this work is the surplus of the pharmaceutical industry, i.e., packs with defects or burrs. We ground the material to facilitate the handling and the homogenization of the system. After that, we chose two bases for the dissolution of the aluminum: the sodium hydroxide and the potassium hydroxide. We used a system with two concentrations (1 and 2M) for each base, and for every solution we had also an agitated and a non-agitated process. From this method resulted eight experiments. After the dissolution, the samples of the material were submitted to ionizing radiation with doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy in the Dynamitron II electron accelerator of the CTR-IPEN/CNEN-SP. In the following, these samples were submitted to traction resistance tests to analyze which modifications the irradiation caused. The last step of the research was the recycling of the PVC separated from the Aliminum. We made the recycling in industrial equipment, a PVC tube extruder. The material was combined with lubricants, heat stabilizers and pigment in an intensive mixer and processed into the form of rigid PVC electrical conduits. After the eight experiments, the system with potassium hydroxide base, concentration of 2M and agitation presented the best relation between time of dissolution and characteristics of the resulting material, without degradation of the PVC. In the irradiated samples, the color of the material changed as well as its extension that was as larger as the dose of irradiation they received, indicating the dissociation of the PVC molecules. The extrusion of the PVC was successfully realized: about 200 kg (440 pounds) of properly combined were processed. This shows the viability of the whole research.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de separar através de um processo de dissolução, o PVC e o alumínio, que são componentes das embalagens tipo blister, comumente encontradas como embalagens de remédios. Foi estudado, também o efeito da radiação ionizante sobre o PVC e por ultimo a reciclagem mecânica do PVC separado por um processo de extrusão. O material utilizado neste trabalho foi oriundo de sobras da industria farmacêutica, sendo este em forma de embalagens com defeito ou rebarbas de produção.Após a moagem do material, realizada para facilitar o manuseio e a homogeneização do sistema, foram escolhidas duas bases para realizar a dissolução do alumínio: hidróxido de sódio e hidróxido de potássio. Foi utilizado um sistema com duas concentrações (1 e 2M), as duas bases, e se o sistema teria ou não agitação. Este método limitou em oito os experimentos. Após a dissolução, amostras do material foram submetidas a radiação ionizante, realizada com doses de 50, 100, 150 e 200kGy no acelerador de elétrons modelo Dynamitron II do CTR-IPEN/CNEN-SP. Estas amostras foram submetidas a seguir, a um ensaio de resistência à tração para a analise das modificações causadas pela irradiação. A última etapa do trabalho foi a reciclagem mecânica do PVC já separado do alumínio. A reciclagem foi realizada em equipamento industrial, uma extrusora de tubos de PVC. O material foi aditivado em um misturador intensivo com lubrificantes, estabilizantes térmicos carga e pigmento, e em seguida processado na forma de eletrodutos de PVC rígido.Após os oito experimentos, o sistema com a base hidróxido de potássio concentração 2M e agitação, foi o que apresentou a melhor relação entre tempo de dissolução e característica do material resultante, não ocorrendo degradação no PVC. Nas amostras irradiadas, a coloração do material foi modificada assim como o seu alongamento que foi maior quanto maior a dose de irradiação recebidas, indicando a cisão das cadeias de PVC. A extrusão do PVC foi realizada com sucesso, conseguindo-se transformar aproximadamente 200kg de PVC, devidamente aditivado, demonstrando assim a viabilidade de todo o trabalho. / The objective of this research was to separate, by means of a process of dissolution, the PVC and the aluminum that compose blister packs, generally used for pharmaceutical pills. We also studied the effect of the ionizing radiation on the PVC, and, finally, the mechanical recycling of the separated PVC, by a process of extrusion. The material we used in this work is the surplus of the pharmaceutical industry, i.e., packs with defects or burrs. We ground the material to facilitate the handling and the homogenization of the system. After that, we chose two bases for the dissolution of the aluminum: the sodium hydroxide and the potassium hydroxide. We used a system with two concentrations (1 and 2M) for each base, and for every solution we had also an agitated and a non-agitated process. From this method resulted eight experiments. After the dissolution, the samples of the material were submitted to ionizing radiation with doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 kGy in the Dynamitron II electron accelerator of the CTR-IPEN/CNEN-SP. In the following, these samples were submitted to traction resistance tests to analyze which modifications the irradiation caused. The last step of the research was the recycling of the PVC separated from the Aliminum. We made the recycling in industrial equipment, a PVC tube extruder. The material was combined with lubricants, heat stabilizers and pigment in an intensive mixer and processed into the form of rigid PVC electrical conduits. After the eight experiments, the system with potassium hydroxide base, concentration of 2M and agitation presented the best relation between time of dissolution and characteristics of the resulting material, without degradation of the PVC. In the irradiated samples, the color of the material changed as well as its extension that was as larger as the dose of irradiation they received, indicating the dissociation of the PVC molecules. The extrusion of the PVC was successfully realized: about 200 kg (440 pounds) of properly combined were processed. This shows the viability of the whole research.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Madison. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Abstract TGF-βs are cytokines that signal through the receptor complex of type I and type II receptors. Hemidesmosome (BP180, BP230, plectin/HD1, α6β4 integrin), anchoring filaments (laminin 5), and anchoring fibrils (collagen VII) form a hemidesmosomal adhesion complex that provides stable adherence of keratinocytes to the epidermal basement membrane. Nidogen, collagen IV, and laminins are components of the basement membrane, integrins are cell adhesion molecules, and tenascin-C is a matrix protein. The expression of TGF-β receptors I and II was studied in normal epidermis and lesional and non-lesional psoriatic epidermis by immunohistochemistry. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in suction blister fluid and serum were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Suction blister fluid and serum samples were obtained from acne patients before and after oral isotretinoin treatment. Suction blister fluid samples were also obtained from healthy volunteers in two age groups from a control site and a betamethasone-pretreated site. The expression of BP180, BP230, plectin/HD1, α6 integrin, β4 integrin, laminin 5, collagen VII, collagen IV, nidogen, laminin α3 chain, and laminin β1g1 chains was studied in uninvolved dermatitis herpetiformis skin by the immunofluorescence technique. The ultrastructure of the hemidesmosomal inner plaque was studied in uninvolved dermatitis herpetiformis skin by electron microscopy. The suction blister method was used to study intact blisters, open wounds (=blister roofs removed right after blister induction) and calcipotriol-pretreated open wounds in healthy volunteers. The reepithelialization rate and the expression of BP180, BP230, plectin/HD1, β4 integrin, laminin 5, collagen VII, laminin α5 chain, laminin β1 chain, tenascin-C, αvβ5 integrin, β5 integrin, α5 integrin, and α9 integrin during reepithelialization were studied by haematoxylin and eosin stainings and the immunofluorescence technique. BP180, BP230, and plectin/HD1 expression were analyzed by body site to exclude regional variation. In normal epidermis, TGF-β receptors I and II were detected in the basal epidermis. Diffusion calculations suggest that circulation is likely to be a major source of TGF-β for TGF-β receptors in the basal epidermis. Downregulation of TGF-β receptors I and II was seen in lesional psoriatic epidermis, suggesting that hyperproliferating lesional epidermis may have lost TGF-β-mediated growth inhibition. Isotretinoin did not affect the serum TGF-β1 or TGF-β2 levels, but caused a 19% local increase in suction blister fluid TGF-β1. Betamethasone caused a 17% decrease in suction blister fluid TGF-β1, presumably due to glucocorticoid-induced vasoconstriction. Modulation of the interstitial fluid TGF-β1 concentration may be one mechanism by which isotretinoin and betamethasone mediate their effects in skin. Immunoreactivity for BP230 and plectin/HD1 was decreased in the basement membrane zone in uninvolved dermatitis herpetiformis skin in a significant proportion of the patients, suggesting distinct molecular changes in BP230 and plectin/HD1. This may be a factor contributing to blister formation. Reepithelialization rate was considerably slower in intact blisters than in open wounds and was not affected by calcipotriol. BP230 and plectin/HD1 appeared earlier in intact blisters than in open wounds. Reepithelialization took place on a continuous laminin sheath in intact blisters, but the laminin sheath in open wounds was partially discontinuous. It was a novel finding that integrin αvβ5 and integrin β5 antibodies showed divergent distributions in regenerating epidermis. The present results suggest that, in some bullous diseases, removal of the blister roof could accelerate blister healing, calcipotriol treatment does not delay wound epithelialization, a continuous laminin sheath may inhibit reepithelialization, and the formation of the hemidesmosomal inner plaque at the leading edge takes place earlier in the more slowly reepithelializing intact blisters than in open wounds.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Idaho, May 2006. / Major professor: Peter R. Griffiths. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online in PDF format.

Energy release rates are extracted from non-linear finite element analyses of a thin film bonded to a rigid substrate that is shaft-loaded at its free edge. This geometry is of interest because it simulates a probe test that has proven to be useful in characterizing the adhesion of thin, microelectronic coatings bonded to silicon wafers. Preliminary experimental results indicate that out-of-plane rather than in-plane loading dominates failure in the system. This work therefore focuses on out-of-plane film loading. To validate finite element and energy release rate methodologies, energy release rates from finite element analyses of pressurized and shaft-loaded blister tests are first correlated to theoretical limit cases. Upon validation, mode I, mode II, and mode III energy release rates are extracted from three-dimensional continuum finite element models of the edge-loaded thin film by a three-dimensional modified crack closure method. Having assumed a circular debond as observed experimentally, energy release rates are determined by a step-wise approach around the circumference. The progression of debond is simulated in multiple analyses by altering the boundary conditions associated with increasing the debond radius. Mechanical loading is supplemented with thermal loading, introducing residual stresses in the non-linear analyses. A sensitivity analysis of energy release rates to residual stress is performed. The results indicate that inclusion of residual stress has an important role in both the magnitude and mode-mixity of energy release rates in the thin film. Increasing the length of debond effectively transitions the film from a shearing mode to a bending mode, thereby significantly impacting each mode of energy release rate differently. / Master of Science

Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is the first line of defense between the vulnerable organs and tissues of the body and the environment. Healthy skin is paramount to avoiding infection and disease. Therefore, any breach in the skin represents a significant risk to the health and comfort of its owner. Friction blisters are one of the most common modes of damage to human skin. In some extreme cases, such as those who suffer from Epidermal Bullosa, friction blisters are a very common and painful occurrence. Prior research on blister formation has been performed at mostly an observational level. In some cases, blisters have been deliberately created on human volunteers or animal test subjects. However, these studies are very difficult to recreate due to the legal issues of human and animal testing and the fact that no two people will have the same response to external stimulus. Other studies have followed athletes or soldiers who use different textile fabrics for socks or clothing to determine which have significant effects. Concurrent studies have focused on mimicking human skin for haptics research in product development. These have made great strides in introducing engineering properties such as coefficient of friction (COF) and elastic modulus into the field of skin study. While these studies are very useful to understanding the properties and mechanisms of human skin in rubbing applications, their primary audience is the cosmetics industry or product developers. There is a significant opportunity to take a similar approach of applying an engineering viewpoint to repeatably model the onset and formation of blisters on human skin. The authors have developed the Synthetic Skin Simulant Platform (3SP) to fulfill this role. The 3SP is a three-layer composite of elastomeric materials that outputs a visually recognizable blister upon sufficiently strong shear loading. The authors determined through two factorial experiments conducted on a custom wear testing table which variables were most significant to blister formation in the 3SP. The results showed that COF and dermal stiffness are the primary contributors. This agrees with prior literature about the significance of COF, and it suggests that dermal stiffness is a significant factor that merits examination in future blister research. Finally, the authors ran another experiment to ascertain the influence of textile fabrics and surface treatments on blister formation in the 3SP. The results demonstrated that surface treatments of corn starch and aloe-based lubricant were effective at mitigating blister formation on the 3SP. Furthermore, the results show that fabric is also bordering statistical significance on blistering.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-183). Also available on the World Wide Web.