This study aims to study the species composition and distribution of chaetognaths in the waters surrounding Taiwan January 2005 to July 2006, and to explore the relationship between environmental factors and their dynamic distribution. Waters surrounding Taiwan are affected by monsoons and water masses. In winter, the northwestern Taiwan area is under the impact of low-temperature low-salinity China Coastal Current, but in summer, Taiwan Strait is affected by South China Sea Current going northward with high-temperature and high-salinity. As for eastern waters of Taiwan, Kuroshio current passes throughout the year so it is high-temperature and high-salinity. In July 2006, when three typhoons struck Taiwan, excessive fresh water from land flowed into the ocean and stations along the coast where low in salinity. This study identified a total of 28 species of chaetognath under 14 genera of 4 families, with average abundance at 475 ¡Ó 35 ind./100m3, which shows an obvious change related to seasons, relatively low in winter and spring and high in summer and fall. The seven most dominant species are: Flaccisagitta enflata, Serratosagitta pacifica, Zonosagitta littoralis, Pterosagitta draco, Aidanosagitta regularis, Aidanosagitta bedfordii and Aidanosagitta neglecta, accounting for 85% of the total abundance. The distribution of chaetognath in waters surrounding Taiwan is affected by the different water masses. The northwestern area where China Coastal Current passes through has high abundance but less number and low Shannon diversity index, but the eastern and southern waters dominated by Kuroshio current shows a completely different trend. From the results of multiple regression analysis, it is found that the abundance of chaetognath and F. enflata are in positive correlation with that of the abundance of copepod, indicating that the quantity of food might be a factor affecting the distribution of chaetognath. The second dominant species S. pacifica has no relation with hydrographic or biological factors, and the third dominant species Z. littoralis is in negative correlation with temperature and salinity. Along with the results of indicator species analysis, Z. littoralis can possibly be used as indicators species of China Coastal Current. The three predominant species are dominated by the Stage I and significantly less in other growth stages. The average body lengths (ABL) of F. enflata and S. pacifica are the larger in spring and smaller in fall, with obvious changes with seasons, but that of Z. littoralis is larger in winter and summer and smaller in spring and fall. Different water masses have impacts on distribution of weight mean stage (WMS) and ABL of chaetognath; for example, F. enflata and S. pacifica with the equivalent growth have larger bodies in Kuroshio current than in China Coastal Current, but Z. littoralis which prefers cold water shows an opposite trend. In addition, this study found that abundance, species, Shannon diversity index, WMS and ABL of chaetognath has no differences between day and night, but the succession of water masses in waters surrounding Taiwan may be an important factor affecting the distribution patterns of chaetognaths.

The aim of this study was firstly, to investigate the percentage increase in the body size of the Springbok rugby players over a period of 108 years and to compare this increase with that of the general population. Secondly, it aimed at comparing the data of this study with existing data of international rugby players in other countries. Data concerning 1349 rugby players that formed part of the Springboks between 1896 and 2004 was collected in order to study the changes in body size of these players. Of the 1349 players, 664 were forwards and 685 backs. To be able to compare the data of the other international rugby players, the entire period was divided into two groups, namely 1896-1970 and 1971-2004. The anthropometric variables only included body length, body mass and body mass index (BMI) because in most cases, these were the only variables that had been measured. The results were as follows: the total group registered a mass increase of 2.03 (1.8-2.2)kg per decade and the increase in length per decade for the total group was 0.84 (0.75-0.92)cm . As expected, the BMI had increased by 0.31 (0.27-0.34)kg/m-2 per decade. The mass increase of the forwards and backs was 2.47 (2.32-2.61)kg per decade and 1.45 (1.32-1.57)kg per decade respectively. The length of the forwards and backs had increased as follows: 0.94 (0.83-1.04)cm per decade and 0.69 (0.59-0.78)cm per decade respectively with the BMI of the forwards and backs that had increased by 0.38 (0.33-1.43)kg/m-2 and 0.21 (0.18 - 0.26) kg/m-2 per decade respectively. The 95% confidence intervals for the increases with the total group for body mass, body length and BMI all indicate that the increases for the period 1976- 2004 are statistically larger than the increases for the period 1896-2004 (r>0.25)The increases with the forwards and back for the period 1976-2004 were also significantly larger (r>0.25)than those of the general population. Compared to the other studies done on international rugby players, it was found that the increase in length with the All Blacks and the Wallabies, namely 1.1- 2.1 cm per decade was larger than in the case of the Springboks, namely 0.84 cm per decade. The mass increase of (2.1-3.1)kg per decade and BMI increase of (0.3-0.4)kg/m-2 was comparable to the increases in mass (1.8-2.2)kg per decade and BMI (0.3-0.4)kg/m-2 that was found with the Springbok rugby players. For team selection and game development, knowledge regarding the change in body size and -form is becoming increasingly important to the trainers, managers and selectors of the teams. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The aim of this study was firstly, to investigate the percentage increase in the body size of the Springbok rugby players over a period of 108 years and to compare this increase with that of the general population. Secondly, it aimed at comparing the data of this study with existing data of international rugby players in other countries. Data concerning 1349 rugby players that formed part of the Springboks between 1896 and 2004 was collected in order to study the changes in body size of these players. Of the 1349 players, 664 were forwards and 685 backs. To be able to compare the data of the other international rugby players, the entire period was divided into two groups, namely 1896-1970 and 1971-2004. The anthropometric variables only included body length, body mass and body mass index (BMI) because in most cases, these were the only variables that had been measured. The results were as follows: the total group registered a mass increase of 2.03 (1.8-2.2)kg per decade and the increase in length per decade for the total group was 0.84 (0.75-0.92)cm . As expected, the BMI had increased by 0.31 (0.27-0.34)kg/m-2 per decade. The mass increase of the forwards and backs was 2.47 (2.32-2.61)kg per decade and 1.45 (1.32-1.57)kg per decade respectively. The length of the forwards and backs had increased as follows: 0.94 (0.83-1.04)cm per decade and 0.69 (0.59-0.78)cm per decade respectively with the BMI of the forwards and backs that had increased by 0.38 (0.33-1.43)kg/m-2 and 0.21 (0.18 - 0.26) kg/m-2 per decade respectively. The 95% confidence intervals for the increases with the total group for body mass, body length and BMI all indicate that the increases for the period 1976- 2004 are statistically larger than the increases for the period 1896-2004 (r>0.25)The increases with the forwards and back for the period 1976-2004 were also significantly larger (r>0.25)than those of the general population. Compared to the other studies done on international rugby players, it was found that the increase in length with the All Blacks and the Wallabies, namely 1.1- 2.1 cm per decade was larger than in the case of the Springboks, namely 0.84 cm per decade. The mass increase of (2.1-3.1)kg per decade and BMI increase of (0.3-0.4)kg/m-2 was comparable to the increases in mass (1.8-2.2)kg per decade and BMI (0.3-0.4)kg/m-2 that was found with the Springbok rugby players. For team selection and game development, knowledge regarding the change in body size and -form is becoming increasingly important to the trainers, managers and selectors of the teams. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

The growth in perch (Perca fluviatilis) is generally slow but varies depending on living conditions. For instance, growth is more rapid in warmer water temperature and when there is reduced intra- and interspecific competition for food. The cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) was established in Lake Tåkern in 1994 and could possibly have an effect on the growth of perch due to predation of small perch and competition for food with larger perch. The aim of this study was to examine whether the growth of perch had changed from year 1978, when a previous study on perch was preformed, to a recent fish survey in 2019 in lake Tåkern. The aim of the study was to assess if any changes in growth could be explained by predation and competition from cormorants. The aim of the study was also to examine whether there was a difference in growth between females and males. The age was determined by using the opercular bone and an age analysis was done to compare the growth between year 1978 and 2019. The results showed that the growth of 1-3-year-old perch was higher in year 1978 than in 2019. This was contrary to the expected outcome, that the predation from cormorants should had decreased competition for young perch in 2019. Previous studies on perch have shown a difference between males and females with an age over 2 years old. However, by the results there is no support that differences between males and females have affected the difference in growth at ages 1-3 years old between 1978 and 2019. As there was no difference between the sexes, any difference in growth between 1978 and 2019 could not be explained by an altered sex ratio. Since there were only a few older individuals 2019 comparison of growth for individuals over 4 years old were not possible to do. The conclusion is that there was no support that cormorants reduced the competition for smaller perch. Cormorants could possibly have contributed to low number of older individuals in 2019.

Objective of this thesis is prove the testing station of chosen combinations the final hybrids, with regard to interaction of genotype and enviroment.During testing is being watched slaughter weight, weight of the right side at hot, slaughter lenght torso, height of the ridge fat.

This diploma thesis is devoted to the development of body measurements of children 0 to 6 months old being exclusively breastfed until the age of four months and then breastfed with appropriate complementary food. The anthropometrical parameters were the body length, the body weight and the head circumference. The results are shown separately for girls and boys in tables and graphs. The data were compared to the previous surveys of the Czech children. Student's t-test and Z- score were used for comparison. Selected somatic and other characteristics obtained by a questionnaire were taken into the study. The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to evaluate the welfare of primiparas. The breastfed children do not reach lower average values of body length and weight than children of the reference survey CAV, 2001 (Vignerová et al., 2005) and Bláha a kol., 2001 (Bláha et al., 2010) in general. Body lenght, body weight and head circumference of boys and girls until the age of one month positively correlates with the gestation age of an infant. Life satisfaction of primiparas is mostly influenced by financial situation, marriage, partnership and sexuality. Life satisfaction of primiparas from our survey correlates statistically significantly with their health and satisfaction with marriage and partnership. The collected somatic data of infants could be used as a part of the standards for contemporary population of breastfed infants.

The aim of this diploma is to study the development of basic body measurements of infants 6 to 12 months old being exclusively breastfed up to 4 months of age, with continued breastfeeding along with appropriate complementary foods up to one year of age or beyond. The monitored physical parameters were the body length, weight, and head circumference. The anthropometric data were collected according to a standardized (Martin-Saller?s) method or its modification. For statistical comparison sorting of the age categories according to the WHO recommendation was made. Our data were compared (t-test, Z-score) with the results of the previous surveys of Czech children. Comparison of results of our study and previous anthropological survey showed lower mean values of weight-height ratio in our file. The questionnaire of mothers? somatic and further characteristics was evaluated. The part of this study involves also the evaluation of Life Satisfaction Questionnaire of primiparous mothers. It has been found that general life content of primiparous mothers is influenced by positive assessment of financial situation particularly. Researched somatic data about children are a part of the national anthropological survey of the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) in Prague. The collected data sets can serve as a tool to creating standards for the current population of breastfed children.

The research main goal was to obtain data and analyze the morphology and reproduction of small mammals. Since little data is available, it was analyzed the relation between small mammals body structure (dimensions) and the forest strata. The population variation and its reproduction were analyzed with regard to the season, as well as to its reproductive parameters, such as sexual dimorphism, offspring and testicles size. Although currently the animals are in a museum (UFSM), they were previously captured using 72 pitfalls, which were positioned in three areas. This was done for 5 days every month, from December 2000 to September 2002. External measurements, such as body size, arm, leg, tail, ear, whiskers, toe size and biggest toe, were taken for all species with adequate number of adults. The most frequent species found were the rodents Akodon toba, Calomys cf. callosus, Oecomys bicolor and Oryzomys nitidus. The genders were analyzed separately due to the existing differences in sex. The sizes were then compared through the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA) between species. A Discriminant Analysis was performed to verify which morphological variable better explain the difference between the samples. The characteristic that better explained the differences between the species was the tail, which was relatively short for terrestrial species (such as Akodon toba e Calomys cf. callosus) and comparatively long (similar to the body size) for the species Oecomys bicolor e Oryzomys nitidus. The wider foot and longer whiskers for O. bicolor, the bigger toe for O. nitidus, longer tail and toes for both are characteristics which are probably related to their arboreal and scansorial habitat, respectively. These species were more abundant in the warm season and beginning of the cold season, there have not been major differences between males and females. There was, though, a difference between youngsters and adults for A. toba e O. nitidus. Akodon toba had more youngsters in the warm season, while the O. nitidus had it during the cold season. Available resources influenced the reproduction of males and females, as well as the occurrence of young and adults in the population. Callomys cf. callosus presented larger nesting (5.17) while O. bicolor had smaller ones (2.33). Only Callomys cf. callosus presented sexual dimorphism with regard to the body length and tail, with males bigger in size. That shows a promiscuous mating system for these species. The testicles analysis (internal measurement) with reference to the scrotal testes (external measurement) had no difference for these species, but they were bigger for bigger body size for each species. / Visando obter dados a respeito da morfometria e reprodução de pequenos mamíferos neotropicais, devido aos poucos estudos disponíveis, foi analisada a relação das dimensões do corpo com o uso do estrato vertical em uma área de floresta estacional no oeste do Brasil e a variação populacional e reprodutiva em relação à estação climática, bem como seus parâmetros reprodutivos, tais como o dimorfismo sexual, tamanho de prole e tamanho de testículos. Embora os espécimes tenham sido obtidos de museu (UFSM), foram utilizadas 72 armadilhas de queda para a captura de pequenos mamíferos, as quais foram posicionadas em três áreas. As coletas foram realizadas em fases mensais, com cinco dias de duração, de dezembro de 2000 a setembro de 2002. Medidas externas (mm) como tamanho do corpo, braço, perna, cauda, orelha, vibrissas, comprimento e largura do pé e maior dedo foram mensuradas nas espécies com maior número de indivíduos adultos. As espécies mais abundantes foram os roedores Akodon toba, Calomys cf. callosus, Oecomys bicolor e Oryzomys nitidus. Os sexos foram analisados separadamente devido o dimorfismo sexual nas espécies. Estas medidas corporais foram comparadas através da análise de covariância multivariada (MANCOVA) entre as espécies. Uma Análise Discriminante foi feita para verificar quais variáveis morfológicas explicam as diferenças entre os grupos. A característica que melhor explicou as diferenças entre as espécies foi a cauda que se mostrou relativamente curta para espécies reconhecidamente terrestres (Akodon toba e Calomys cf. callosus) e relativamente longa (semelhante ao comprimento do corpo) para as espécies Oecomys bicolor e Oryzomys nitidus. A maior largura do pé e comprimento das vibrissas para O. bicolor, o maior comprimento do pé para O. nitidus, cauda e dedos mais longos para ambas as espécies, são medidas relacionadas provavelmente ao hábito semi-arbóreo e escansorial destas espécies, respectivamente. A abundância de todas as espécies foi maior ao longo da estação quente e início da estação fria, não havendo diferença significativa entre machos e fêmeas. Porém, houve diferença para jovens e adultos de A. toba e O. nitidus. Akodon toba apresentou maior número de jovens na estação quente enquanto O. nitidus apresentou na estação fria. Efeitos diretos da disponibilidade de recursos foram relacionados à atividade reprodutiva de machos e fêmeas e à presença de jovens e adultos nas populações. Callomys cf. callosus apresentou maior tamanho de ninhada (5,17) enquanto O. bicolor apresentou menor (2,33). Apenas Calomys cf. callosus apresentou dimorfismo sexual quanto ao comprimento do corpo e cauda, sendo machos maiores em tamanho. Isto indica a presença de um sistema de acasalamento promíscuo para a espécie. A análise dos testículos (medidas internas) em relação aos escrotos (medidas externas) não apresentou diferença para nenhuma das espécies, porém foram maiores quanto maior o tamanho corporal de determinada espécie.