京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18501号 / 医博第3921号 / 新制||医||1005(附属図書館) / 31387 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 千葉 勉, 教授 横出 正之, 教授 川口 義弥 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A reabsorção óssea dos processos alveolares da maxila e mandíbula, após exodontias, é um grande problema para sua reabilitação estético-funcional. Entre as opções de tratamento, os enxertos ósseos são realizados com o objetivo de resolver esta carência de osso, e a escolha das possíveis áreas doadoras de osso para este tipo de reconstrução depende, principalmente, do volume de osso que se necessita e do tipo de defeito ósseo a ser corrigido, podendo ser proveniente de áreas doadoras intrabucais ou extrabucais. Quando a quantidade necessária de osso é pequena, pode-se utilizar áreas doadoras intrabucais. Para reconstruções maiores, as áreas doadoras extrabucais, como a crista do ilíaco, calota craniana, tíbia, fíbula e costelas são os locais de escolha. Entretanto, o volume de osso disponível nas diferentes áreas doadoras ainda é avaliado de forma empírica. Neste estudo foi considerada uma região correspondente à área doadora de formato hexagonal medindo 8cm de comprimento e 6cm de largura e logo em seguida foi calculado a área desse hexágono. Foram também realizadas medidas da espessura de osso cortical, osso medular e osso total, em 9 regiões da calota craniana, em 50 tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC). Essas medidas foram realizadas com a ferramenta distância do software i-CAT Vision®, utilizado para a visualização dos exames em reformatações sagitais e coronais. O resultado da área do hexágono correspondente a área doadora multiplicado pela média de espessura dos 9 pontos da calota craniana foi de 2.499mm3. / The bone resorption of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, after exodontia, is a great problem for its aesthetic-functional rehabilitation. Among the treatment options, bone grafts are performed with the aim of solving this bone deficiency, and the choice of possible bone donor areas for this type of reconstruction depends, mainly, of the volume of bone required and the type of osseous defect to be corrected, which may be from intraoral or extraoral donor areas. When the required amount of bone is small, intraoral donor areas may be used. For larger reconstructions, extraoral donor areas, such as iliac crest, skull cap, tibia, fibula, and ribs are the sites of choice. However, the volume of bone available in the different donor areas is still evaluated empirically. In this study was considered a region corresponding to donor area of hexagonal shape measuring 8cm in lenght and 6cm in widht and then calculated the area of this hexagono. In this study, measurements of the thickness of cortical bone, medullary bone and total bone were performed in 9 regions of the skull cap in 50 conical beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. These measurements were performed with the distance tool of the i-CAT Vision® software, used to visualize the exams in sagittal and coronal reformations. The result of hexagon area corresponding to donor area multiplies by average of the thickness of 9 points of skull cap was 2.499mm3.

A reabsorção óssea dos processos alveolares da maxila e mandíbula, após exodontias, é um grande problema para sua reabilitação estético-funcional. Entre as opções de tratamento, os enxertos ósseos são realizados com o objetivo de resolver esta carência de osso, e a escolha das possíveis áreas doadoras de osso para este tipo de reconstrução depende, principalmente, do volume de osso que se necessita e do tipo de defeito ósseo a ser corrigido, podendo ser proveniente de áreas doadoras intrabucais ou extrabucais. Quando a quantidade necessária de osso é pequena, pode-se utilizar áreas doadoras intrabucais. Para reconstruções maiores, as áreas doadoras extrabucais, como a crista do ilíaco, calota craniana, tíbia, fíbula e costelas são os locais de escolha. Entretanto, o volume de osso disponível nas diferentes áreas doadoras ainda é avaliado de forma empírica. Neste estudo foi considerada uma região correspondente à área doadora de formato hexagonal medindo 8cm de comprimento e 6cm de largura e logo em seguida foi calculado a área desse hexágono. Foram também realizadas medidas da espessura de osso cortical, osso medular e osso total, em 9 regiões da calota craniana, em 50 tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC). Essas medidas foram realizadas com a ferramenta distância do software i-CAT Vision®, utilizado para a visualização dos exames em reformatações sagitais e coronais. O resultado da área do hexágono correspondente a área doadora multiplicado pela média de espessura dos 9 pontos da calota craniana foi de 2.499mm3. / The bone resorption of the alveolar processes of the maxilla and mandible, after exodontia, is a great problem for its aesthetic-functional rehabilitation. Among the treatment options, bone grafts are performed with the aim of solving this bone deficiency, and the choice of possible bone donor areas for this type of reconstruction depends, mainly, of the volume of bone required and the type of osseous defect to be corrected, which may be from intraoral or extraoral donor areas. When the required amount of bone is small, intraoral donor areas may be used. For larger reconstructions, extraoral donor areas, such as iliac crest, skull cap, tibia, fibula, and ribs are the sites of choice. However, the volume of bone available in the different donor areas is still evaluated empirically. In this study was considered a region corresponding to donor area of hexagonal shape measuring 8cm in lenght and 6cm in widht and then calculated the area of this hexagono. In this study, measurements of the thickness of cortical bone, medullary bone and total bone were performed in 9 regions of the skull cap in 50 conical beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. These measurements were performed with the distance tool of the i-CAT Vision® software, used to visualize the exams in sagittal and coronal reformations. The result of hexagon area corresponding to donor area multiplies by average of the thickness of 9 points of skull cap was 2.499mm3.

Trabecular bone is a porous composite material which consists of a mineral phase (mainly hydroxyapatite), organic phase (mostly type I collagen) and water assembled into a complex, hierarchical structure. In biomechanical modelling, its mechanical response to loads is generally assumed to be instantaneous, i.e. it is treated as a time-independent material. It is, however, recognised that the response of trabecular bone to loads is time-dependent. Study of this time-dependent behaviour is important in several contexts such as: to understand energy dissipation ability of bone; to understand the age-related non-traumatic fractures; to predict implant loosening due to cyclic loading; to understand progressive vertebral deformity; and for pre-clinical evaluation of total joint replacement. To investigate time-dependent behaviour, bovine trabecular bone samples were subjected to compressive loading, creep, unloading and recovery at multiple load levels (corresponding to apparent strain of 2,000-25,000 με). The results show that: the time-dependent behaviour of trabecular bone comprises of both recoverable and irrecoverable strains; the strain response is nonlinearly related to applied load levels; and the response is associated with bone volume fraction. It was found that bone with low porosity demonstrates elastic stiffening followed by elastic softening, while elastic softening is demonstrated by porous bone at relatively low loads. Linear, nonlinear viscoelastic and nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive models were developed to predict trabecular bone's time-dependent behaviour. Nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model was found to predict the recovery behaviour well, while nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic model predicts the full creep-recovery behaviour reasonably well. Depending on the requirements all these models can be used to incorporate time-dependent behaviour in finite element models. To evaluate the contribution of the key constituents of trabecular bone and its microstructure, tests were conducted on demineralised and deproteinised samples. Reversed cyclic loading experiments (tension to compression) were conducted on demineralised trabecular bone samples. It was found that demineralised bone exhibits asymmetric mechanical response - elastic stiffening in tension and softening in compression. This tension to compression transition was found to be smooth. Tensile multiple-load-creep-unload-recovery experiments on demineralised trabecular samples show irrecoverable strain (or residual strain) even at the low stress levels. Demineralised trabecular bone samples demonstrate elastic stiffening with increasing load levels in tension, and their time-dependent behaviour is nonlinear with respect to applied loads . Nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model was developed which can predict its recovery behaviour well. Experiments on deproteinised samples showed that their modulus and strength are reasonably well related to bone volume fraction. The study considers an application of time-dependent behaviour of trabecular bone. Time-dependent properties are assigned to trabecular bone in a bone-screw system, in which the screw is subjected to cyclic loading. It is found that separation between bone and the screw at the interface can increase with increasing number of cycles which can accentuate loosening. The relative larger deformation occurs when this system to be loaded at the higher loading frequency. The deformation at the bone-screw interface is related to trabecular bone's bone volume fraction; screws in a more porous bone are at a higher risk of loosening.

Aim: The aim of this literature study was to systematically review the scientific evidence on the most effective donor sites and/or bone substitute material for secondary alveolar cleft grafting in alveolar cleft patients. Material and method: In order to acquire a systematic and transparent reporting this literature review was conducted according to the PRISMA statement. The literature search was performed in the following four databases; PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Scopus.The quality of the included studies was assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool (RoB 2 tool). Result: The search identified 4754 studies. Five RCT studies was included in this systematic review and assessed different donor site or bone substitute materials. Two studies showed low risk of bias and three moderate risk of bias. Only one study showed a statistically significant difference when comparing iliac bone to substitute material however all studies presented substitute materials with satisfactory results. Conclusion: According to the data from this systematic review no clear conclusion can be drawn regarding what the most effective bone donor site and/or tissue engineered bone substitute material to use in secondary bone grafts. Based on the available evidence iliac bone could still be regarded as a benchmark, but more research and RCT’s of high quality are required, especially for artificial bone substitute materials. / Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att systematiskt granska den vetenskapliga evidensen gällande det mest effektiva bentagningsstället och/eller bensubstitutmaterialet vid sekundär bentransplantation hos patienter med käkspalt. Material och metod: För att uppnå en systematisk och transparent rapportering av denna litteraturstudie följdes PRISMA statement. Litteratursökningen gjordes i följande fyra databaser; PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science och Scopus. Kvaliteten av inkluderade studier granskades med hjälp av Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool (Rob 2 tool). Resultat: Sökningen identifierade 4754 studier. Fem RCT studier inkluderades i denna systematiska översikt vilka värderade olika bentagningsställen eller bensubstitut. Två studier bedömdes ha låg risk för bias och tre artiklar måttlig risk för bias. Endast en studie visade på en statistiskt signifikant skillnad vid jämförelse av höftben med bensubstitut däremot presenterade samtliga studier substitutmaterial med tillfredsställande resultat. Konklusion: Denna systematiska översikt visade att ingen klar slutsats kan dras gällande vilken det mest effektiva bentagningsstället eller bensubstitutsmaterialet är för sekundär bentransplantation hos patienter med käkspalt. Baserat på tillgänglig evidens kan transplantat från höftbenet fortfarande anses vara bäst lämpat men mer forskning samt RCT studier av hög kvalité erfordras, särskilt för artificiella bensubstitutmaterial.