Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

In surimi manufacturing, less than 25% of the total weight of the fish is utilized. This research focused on meat recovery from fish frames, the residual portion of the fish after filleting headed and gutted fish. A new technology, the water jet deboning (WJD) system, was tested. The WJD system uses oscillating high pressure water jet nozzles to recover edible flesh from the frames without breaking the kidney located under the backbone. To evaluate the function of added salt on dewatering and process recovery, the WJD was operated without NaCl (WJD1) and with 0.2% NaCl added to the discharge slurry (WJD2). In conventional mechanical deboning process (MD), which was the other deboning system applied in the study, no salt was used. The recovered frame meat was further processed to surimi and then stored at -18��C. Meat recovery and surimi processing yields were compared between the three meat recovery processes. Functional properties of gels (texture and color) were evaluated after 1 and 6 mo frozen storage and compared to commercially manufactured surimi, which served as a control. As a result of manual trimming, the maximally recoverable meat from the frames was 42.8% of frame weight. MD showed the highest mince yield (mince prior to cryoprotectant addition), 24% of frame weight, while the two WJD methods resulted in only 5% yield. Color and shear strain for gels from WJD1, MD surimi and mixtures of those and control (10-20% frame mince surimi/80-90% control), were comparable to control. Gels from WJD2 showed significantly lower lightness (L*) but did not differ otherwise. Shear stress values of all frame meat surimi gels and the gels from mixtures of those and the control were significantly lower than the control. This low shear stress is probably due to a difference in processing equipment and processing conditions between the lab scale and the commercial scale. Due to the promising processing yield for the MD system an additional study was performed where effects of kidney and kidney blood contamination in the frame mince were investigated. Pacific whiting frames were mechanically deboned with/without kidney and the frame mince further processed into surimi. Functional properties of gels (texture and color) were evaluated after 1 and 6 mo frozen storage and compared to commercially manufactured surimi, which served as a control. At 1, 2, 4, and 6 mo, salt extractable proteins (SEP) concentration, dimethylamine (DMA) formation and pH were measured to monitor protein denaturation. Removing the kidney and washing the frames prior to MD resulted in higher gel strength after 1 and 6 mo frozen storage. / Graduation date: 2000

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Thesis (Msc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hot-deboning (1 h post-mortem) on the shelf-life and the physical meat quality characteristics, including tenderness, pH, purge (%), cooking loss (%), and raw meat colour of vacuum packed ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus) meat cuts from the M. gastrocnemius, pars interna and the M. iliofibularis during post-mortem refrigerated aging for respectively 21 d at 4ºC and 42 d at -3º to 0ºC.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 F66 / Master of Science

Orientador: Nelson Jose Beraquet / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T02:04:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cardoso_Susana_D.pdf: 1610599 bytes, checksum: d87e453de10e2c257450cbd7a9e4e1d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Tecnologias de aceleração da conversão de músculo em carne são utilizadas com eficácia em importantes países produtores e exportadores mundiais de carnes (Austrália, Nova Zelândia), enquanto que isso não ocorre no Brasil. Com o objetivo de avaliar o uso de técnicas aceleradoras da conversão de músculo bovino em carne, particularmente estimulação elétrica, desossa a quente e condicionamento a altas temperatura e medir seu efeito sobre características físicas, físicoquímicas, sensoriais e bacteriológicas da carne, foi realizado este estudo. Um lote de 40 novilhos da raça Nelore (Bos indicus), criados sob regime de pastejo (30-36 meses de idade com peso vivo médio de 450 kg) foi abatido na Planta Piloto do Centro de Tecnologia de Carnes do ITAL em Campinas/SP. Os animais foram submetidos a 5 tratamentos: EQ25, EQ15 e EQ0 (estimulação elétrica, desossa a quente e condicionamento a 25°C; 15°C e 0°C, respectivamente), EF (estimulação elétrica, desossa a frio 24 horas pós sangria) e NEF (não estimulado eletricamente, desossa a frio 24 horas pós sangria). Estimulação elétrica de baixa voltagem foi aplicada imediatamente após a sangria por meio do estimulador elétrico Jarvis BV80 [20 V (rms); 60 Hz; 0.25 A; por 90s, alternando 5s estimulação e 1s sem estimulação]. A desossa a quente foi realizada aproximadamente 45 min pós sangria. Os músculos estudados foram o Longissimus lumborum (LL) e o Semitendinosus (ST). As amostras dos tratamentos EQ25 e EQ15, após condicionamento por 10 horas, foram resfriadas gradativamente em câmaras de 7°C e em seguida a 3°C até que a temperatura dos cortes atingisse 10°C e 5° C, respectivamente. Todas as amostras formam maturadas a 0±2°C por 14 dias. Nos músculos LL e ST foram realizadas determinações de pH, do valor R, da capacidade de retenção de água, da perda de peso por exsudação, da perda de peso por cocção, da cor (L*, a*, b*) e da força de cisalhamento de Warner-Bratzler. Na análise sensorial usou-se a técnica de Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ), avaliando-se os atributos maciez, suculência e sabor de carne maturada. Foram realizadas análises bacteriológicas de enumeração de coliformes totais e fecais, contagem total de bactérias aeróbias psicrotróficas e clostrídios sulfito redutores Os resultados experimentais foram submetidos à ANOVA e foram feitas análises de comparação das médias utilizando-se o teste de Duncan (p=0,05). A taxa de declínio de pH dos músculos das carcaças eletricamente estimuladas não foi afetada pela temperatura de condicionamento. A glicólise do músculo ST foi mais rápida que a do LL, tendo o músculo ST atingido pHs abaixo de 6,0 já na 2a hora post mortem enquanto isso ocorreu no LL na 6a hora post mortem. Músculos LL do tratamento NEF apresentaram a menor taxa glicolítica (pH24=5,91), os maiores valores de força de cisalhamento (6,86 kgf/2o dia post mortem) e os menores escores de maciez (4,6/2o dia post mortem) quando comparado com os demais tratamentos nos mesmos tempos. A utilização de temperatura de condicionamento de 25°C (EQ25) resultou em músculos LL com menores forças de cisalhamento (5,64kgf/2o dia post mortem). Após 7 dias de maturação o LL de todos os tratamentos onde empregou-se estimulação elétrica apresentaram força de cisalhamento de mesma magnitude (4,85-5,78kgf) e aos 14 dias de maturação os LL do tratamento NEF (6,01kgf) e os do EQ0 (5,11kgf) apresentaram os maiores valores. Houve aumento na maciez e redução da força de cisalhamento do LL no decorrer da maturação; para o músculo ST esse efeito foi muito menor, uma vez que todos os tratamentos resultaram em carnes com altas forças de cisalhamento. No decorrer do tempo de maturação, para ambos os músculos, ocorreu um aumento nas perdas de peso por exsudação e na capacidade de retenção de água, mas as perdas de peso por cocção ficaram inalteradas. Para o ST foram observadas maiores perdas de peso por cocção (38,91-41,28%) quando comparado com as do LL (25,03-29,40%), atribuídas em parte a sua rápida glicólise e em parte ao método de cocção sob temperatura mais alta. Imediatamente após a desossa, os músculos LL desossados a quente foram em geral mais escuros (L*=23,13-25,16) do que os desossados a frio (L*=28,68-31,22). Os músculos ST do tratamento EF apresentaram altos valores de luminosidade (L*=42,75-44,93) e de intensidade de amarelo (b*=9,03-12,60), diferentes dos demais tratamentos. Baixas contagens bacteriológicas foram encontradas para os coliformes totais e para os microrganismos aeróbios psicrotróficos, bem como não foi detectada a presença de coliformes fecais e clostrídios sulfito redutores nos músculos estudados até 14 dias post mortem, indicando que o abate e o processamento dos cortes transcorreram em condições satisfatórias de higiene. A desossa a quente, com ou sem condicionamento sob altas temperaturas, resulta em carnes com características qualitativas iguais ou superiores àquelas desossadas convencionalmente, com evidências de que o uso da estimulação elétrica é imprescindível neste processo / Abstract: Technologies for the acceleration of the conversion of muscle into meat are used by some of the most important countries in the production and export of meat (Australia, New Zealand) whereas this still not happens in Brazil. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating some of the techniques of accelerated meat production such as electrical stimulation, hot boning and high temperature conditioning and measure its effects on physical, sensory and bacteriological characteristics of meat. Forty Nelore (Bos indicus) pasture-fed steers (30-36 months of age and average slaughter weights of approximately 450 kg) were slaughtered in the plant pilot of the Meat Technology Centre of Institute of Food Technology in Campinas/SP. Animals were stunned and bled. The bleeding was considered time zero for all analysis. Low voltage electrical stimulation (LVES) with a JARVIS BV 80 stimulator [20 V (rms); 60 Hz; 0.25 amps; for 90s alternating 5s on, 5s off] was applied immediately after exsanguination. The animals were randomly assigned to five treatments and two replications for each slaughtering session. The M. Longissimus lumborum (LL) and M. Semitendinosus (ST) were the muscles studied. The hot boned (HB) muscles were excised from the electrically stimulated carcasses after approximately 45 min post mortem (p.m) and conditioned for ten hours at 25°C (ESHB25), 15°C (ESHB15) and 0°C (ESHBO). Conventionally chilled (CC) carcasses were boned 24 h p.m., stimulated (ESCC) or not stimulated (NESCC). For the ESHB25 and ESHB15 treatments, after 10 hours of conditioning the pieces were moved to another storage room at 7°C until the temperature in the centre of the muscle reached 10° C. After this the pieces were moved again to another storage room at 3°C and left there until the temperature in the centre of the piece reached 5° C. In the final stage all pieces for all treatments were left in a storage room at 0 ±2°C for ageing up to seven and 14 days p.m.. pH and R-Value (A250/A260) determinations were carried out in the muscle. Shear forces were determined with a TA.XT2i Texture Analyzer coupled with a Warner-Bratzler probe. The following measurements were done at 2, 7 and 14 days p.m.: water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss and color (L*, a*, b* CIELAB System). Sensory analysis (DQA) was applied in a lab environment considering the attributes tenderness, flavor and juiciness. Bacteriological analysis included enumeration of total and faecal coliforms, total counts of phsychrotrophic aerobes and sulphite reducing clostridia. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for treatment and block effects significance and Duncan Test was used to detect means differences (p<0.05). Only the muscles LL and ST of the ESHB0 treatment were submitted to temperature-time conditions that cold shortening could occur, as confirmed by the increase in its shear force at the 2nd day p.m.. After ageing, this difference was not noticed. The pH drop of the muscles electrically stimulated was not affected by de conditioning temperature. ST muscle presented a faster glycolysis than the LL, reaching pHs below 6,0 at the 2nd hours post mortem (p.m.) whereas this happened to the LL muscles after 6h post mortem. LL muscles of the NESCC treatment present the lowest glycolitic rates (ph24=5.91), highest Warner-Bratzler shear forces (6.86kgf/2nd day p.m.). After 7 days of ageing the LL of all treatments had shear forces of the same magnitude (4.85-5.78kgf). After 14 days of ageing only LL of treatment NESCC (6.01kgf) and ESHB0 (5.11kgf) had highest shear force values. For LL muscles ageing increased tenderness and decreased shear force values whereas to ST muscles there was no significant effect as meat for all treatments were considered tough. Ageing increased exsudation losses and reduced water holding capacity but did not affect cooking losses. ST muscles had higher cooking losses (38.91-41.28%) when compared to LL muscles (25,03-29,40%), which could be caused in part to is rapid glycolisis and also to the higher cooking temperature used. Immediately after deboning the hot boned LL muscles were darker (L*=23.13-25.16) than those cold boned (L*=28.68-31.22). NESCC ST muscles had highest L* values ranging from 42.75-44.93 and b* values (b*=9.03-12.60). Lower bacteriological counts were found to total coliforms and psychrotropic aerobes, and there was no presence of faecal coliforms and sulphite reducing clostridia up to 14 days p.m.. This was a clear indication of a good hygiene during slaughter and cutting of meat. Hot boning with or without the use of conditioning at high temperatures can produce meat with the same or superior quality characteristics of that cold boned, with strong evidence that the use of electrical stimulation is essential / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos