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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-131). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Published academic research on the social history of small county borough police forces during the post-war period, in England and Wales, is virtually non-existent. Yet these forces represented a third of the police establishment. Moreover, the period saw the most radical transformation of police practices since the formation of the police. A social characteristic of the period was an increase in individualism and a rejection of traditional authority that occurred in tandem with changes to the economy and a boom in consumerism and technology. Such modification in the way society operated is termed as ‘detraditionalisation’. For the first time this research answers the question, ‘what was the experience of a constable in a small county borough police force whilst facing the change process brought about by detraditionalisation in society, and changes intrinsic to the police, in the period 1947-1968’. Using oral history methods to create unique primary data from the testimony of 36 former constables employed in a small county borough police force in the north east of England, this thesis captures their viewpoint of the recruiting process, training and socialisation. It chronicles their recollection of day-to-day duty and captures their experience of significant changes in working practices. It provides a constable’s perspective; a ‘bottom up’ approach. The problem of recruiting experienced at a national level was not universal. Indoctrination and socialisation of constables into a strong occupational culture nurtured ‘easing’ activities and ensured a strict hierarchy within peer groups, and the organisation. The job offered limited scope to express individualism. Foot patrol consisted of mundane repetitive duty within an organisation requiring strict conformity where new recruits often struggled to ‘fit in’. The introduction of technology and new patrol systems, such as personal radio communication, greater mobility and the unit beat system, increased the demands made of the police rather than reducing them. Generational differences in attitudes and opinions of constables were most apparent at times of change. However, transformations to policing methods together with amalgamation into a larger force led to improved man-management, enhanced career prospects and greater standardisation in procedures. The working conditions of a small conservative institution, resistant to changing its traditional approach to constables, stifled individualism and enforced conformism. This added to the difficulties of policing a society in the process of modernisation, and in a state of flux. Technology and amalgamation however, paved the way for greater individualism. Detraditionalisation within constables was not a concept welcomed in the small county borough police force.

The prevailing political theory of late medieval England established the wealthiest men as the best able to bear the responsibilities of town governance and protect the common good of the community. Examining three middling towns in Greater East Anglia: Colchester, Ipswich, and Great Yarmouth, this study explores the relationship between the ruling elite and other inhabitants of their towns. Although the ruling elite were distinguished through their wealth and power, they were also active members of their community. Not only did they act to protect the economic and political interests of the community, but they were also invested in their local economies and connected to the other members of their community through legal structures and trust networks. Economic and political circumstances, however, impacted the development of these relationships. Great Yarmouth’s reliance on the highly competitive herring industry created a closely connected ruling elite, whose frequent actions together in defense of the town’s common good along with their regulation of the trade to the benefit of their own self-interests solidified their rule. In contrast, Colchester and Ipswich’s reliance on the cloth industry, which expanded in the late Middle Ages, created a number of opportunities for the ruling elite outside the town resulting in a higher turn over within these towns’ ruling elite. Although they acted to protect the jurisdictional boundaries of the town and were connected to other inhabitants of the town through trust networks, these connections were weaker than in Great Yarmouth. Local circumstances are essential to understanding how late medieval towns were governed.

This work primarily examines the management of wet-preserved archaeological sites in England, through an exploration of value and analysis of current management approaches. The aim is to explore whether the current policy frameworks, in particular the role of preservation in situ, can provide a sustainable future for wet-preserved archaeological sites. This work further seeks to conceptualise the modelling of sustainability, preservation and management decision making in wetland archaeological sites. Looking at the last 40 year of wetland research through the work of the large-scale wetland survey projects, this work initially considers the current understanding of wet archaeological sites in England. It also examines aspects of heritage management through the legislative and policy frameworks and their legacy. This work considers the implications that legislative and policy positions have for the management of wetland archaeological sites and examines the theoretical concepts that underpin them. This includes exploring reflective management, the development of research frameworks, and scoring mechanisms for the designation of sites. It also looks at broader constructs of value through the concepts of cultural and economic values. Three existing archaeological sites, a ringwork at Borough Fen near Peterborough, a marsh fort at Sutton Common near Doncaster and a triple post-alignment near Beccles, will be presented as case studies. These sites serve as examples of how the management of sites has been approached. The results of the case study analysis are used to develop a series of conceptual models looking firstly at sustainability and preservation in situ, and, secondly at preservation, value and decision making. The study concludes that the presumption in favour of preservation in situ can be challenging for wet preserved archaeological sites. Deterioration of the preservation environment can in some cases produce a similar decline in significance. Preservation in situ may therefore not be the most appropriate option for archaeological sites in wetlands.

This study examines changes in the governance of Nottingham and Derby in the period 1945-1968 from a local and national perspective. In so doing it foreshadows the changes wrought by the Local Government Act 1972, which usually receives greater academic attention. Post-war, local authorities became the nation’s principal landlords, while utilities, such as electricity and gas, were nationalised. In fulfilling their new responsibilities, urban authorities were forced to build estates on the periphery of, or outside, their boundaries. The relocation of residents resulted in an exportation of urban identity and greater urban-ness, but was not accompanied by a corresponding redrawing of administrative boundaries. Nevertheless, when urban authorities sought boundary extensions they were fiercely contested by county authorities, local associations, and residents’ groups. Such associations and groups claimed to possess characteristics distinct from the authorities that wished to incorporate them. There was also a fear that democratic accountability would be lost in the creation of larger units of governance. The local feelings aroused by boundary extension proposals demonstrate that local government is more than merely an agent of central government. It is a living organism: changes to it affect not only services, but also the identity of that place. The expansion proposals of the county boroughs of Nottingham and Derby differed markedly. Uniquely amongst county boroughs nationwide, Nottingham sought no expansion under the review initiated by the Local Government Act 1958. The thesis assesses the political motivations behind this and the wider reactions to reconfiguration proposals for both county boroughs. The role of conurbations is considered in terms of local governance, including the extent to which Nottingham and Derby could be classified as one. The thesis concludes that the maintenance of existing party political strengths outweighed local sentiment, and that only those proposals for reform which benefited the former were enacted.

This study is of the higher education aspirations of a group of students in 16 - 19 education. Data was collected from students in three London boroughs, Bamford, Newton and Rishworth. These students were in the final year in either sixth forms or colleges of further education and taking courses that would enable a successful candidate to gain access to higher education. Both local authority and independent sector institutions were represented in the study. The research began by developing a conceptual framework within which an analysis could be made of the above mentioned students higher education aspirations. Two main types of research was used. Interviews were held with those involved in the provision of 16 – 19 education and with the counselling of students as to higher education entry. A questionnaire was distributed to the above mentioned group of students, requesting information as to various aspects of their background and their aspirations. Some 100 + interviews were carried out with borough councillors, L.E.A. administrators, careers officers, school teachers, and college lecturers. Some 1,500 questionnaires were distributed to students at 31 schools and three colleges of further education. There were 952 replies. The information received was computerised and processed using a prime computer and application package S.P.S.S. An analysis was made in terms of higher education aspirations and L.E.A. area, type of institution, type of course, mode of attendance, socio-economic grouping, family circumstances, type of housing and gender. The findings of this analysis were compared with the original hypothesis and conclusions drawn.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2942. Abstract precedes thesis as [1] preliminary leaf. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:42:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3141072 bytes, checksum: 1e4f3c27987281f96afe8ba4c6b880f1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The assumption of this study is that by repetition, discursive traditions establish a link between innovation and conservatism. The study addresses the linguistic and textual features that have changed and that remained in the minutes of the Paraiba borough council meetings that were handwritten, typed and virtualized in the nineteenth, XX and XXI, when the manuscripts were transcribed to the World Wide Web. The study tries to associate the social context of elaboration and utilization of the minutes to the historical context of language, keeping in mind that the texts change with changes in society. It is therefore a diachronic, descriptive and theoretical approach that uses the assumptions of Coseriu (1979, 1987, 1988) and of the German Romanist pragmatists German Romanists Oesterreicher (1996, 2006), Schlieben-Lange (1993), Koch (2008), Kabatek (2006) and Jungbluth (2006) and also looks at Brazilian discursive traditions developed by Simões Kewitz (2009a, 2009b). The corpus of this research is composed of sixty-seven minutes from various boroughs of the state of Paraíba: Zona da Mata, Agreste, Borborema and the Sertão. The originals are kept in private and public historical archives in the boroughs of Paraíba. From these city council minutes, the ones that appear more frequently were selected in the corpus, the structures that constitute them analyzed, with particular emphasis on the XIX, XX and XXI centuries. Based on the assumption that the discursive traditions evoke certain textual and linguistic forms, we used the same proceedings for the analysis of the passive voice as a grammatical element that is repeated in the structure of these minutes. The analysis of the minutes, compared between the centuries cited, showed that their linguistic and textual features changed when transcribed from the record book manuscripts to virtual support. Some information from texts changed their position in the structure of the minutes, other sections have been inserted in the texts and some traditional expressions no longer exist. The analysis also verified some linguistic traits where instances of passive constructions were reduced in the minutes of this century, but it was found that this type of grammatical construction is part of the traditional discursive camera minutes. Given the results, we concluded that, despite the transformations undergone over time, the minutes of the Paraíba camera meetings maintained the structure which identifies it as a discursive tradition. / A partir do pressuposto de que, pela repetição, as tradições discursivas estabelecem um elo entre inovações e conservadorismos, este trabalho, aborda as características linguísticas e textuais que mudaram e que permaneceram nas atas das câmaras municipais paraibanas manuscritas, datilografadas e virtualizadas nos séculos XIX, XX e XXI, quando transcritas do suporte manuscrito para a Rede Mundial de Computadores. Procura-se, nesse estudo, associar o contexto social de produção e utilização das atas à história da língua, por ter-se em vista que os textos mudam conforme as mudanças na sociedade. Dessa forma, trata-se de uma pesquisa diacrônico-descritiva que utiliza como aporte teórico os pressupostos de Coseriu (1979, 1987, 1988) e dos romanistas da Pragmática Alemã Oesterreicher (1996, 2006), Schlieben-Lange (1993), Koch (2008), Kabatek (2006) e Jungbluth (2006), como também, utiliza os estudos sobre as tradições discursivas no Brasil desenvolvidos por Simões e Kewitz (2009a, 2009b). O corpus dessa pesquisa é composto por sessenta e sete atas das câmaras municipais paraibanas das regiões da Zona da Mata, Agreste, Borborema e Sertão, cujos originais estão conservados em arquivos históricos públicos e privados e nas câmaras municipais da Paraíba. Dentre essas atas camarárias, selecionou-se, para análise, alguns tipos de atas de sessão que aparecem com maior frequência no corpus, destacando, entre os séculos XIX, XX e XXI, as estruturas que as constituem. Com base no pressuposto de que as tradições discursivas evocam determinadas formas linguísticas e textuais, utilizou-se essas mesmas atas selecionadas para a análise da voz passiva como elemento gramatical que se repete na estrutura dessas atas. A análise das atas, em comparação entre os séculos citados, revelou que as suas características linguísticas e textuais sofreram alterações quando transcritas do livro de registro manuscrito para o suporte virtual. Algumas informações do texto mudaram de posição na estrutura da ata, foram inseridas outras seções no texto e algumas expressões tradicionais deixaram de existir. Verificou-se também, na análise dos traços linguísticos, que as ocorrências de construções na voz passiva sofreram uma redução nas atas do século atual, porém constatou-se que esse tipo de construção gramatical faz parte da tradição discursiva ata de câmara. Diante dos resultados apresentados, concluiu-se que, apesar das transformações sofridas ao longo do tempo, a ata das sessões das câmaras paraibanas manteve a estrutura que a identifica como uma tradição discursiva.

Through the analysis of photographs of Christchurch men, this thesis will explore and expand the historiography around masculinity in New Zealand. It will argue that how men saw themselves was informed by concepts of power and class, alongside aspects such as physical strength and ideas of manliness. Masculinity was a fluid concept; its interpretation differed across class, race and gender lines. The urban masculine identities found in Christchurch during 1880-1930 demonstrate the complexity of gender construction. They offer another view to that of a New Zealand masculinity steeped in stereotypes of rural, isolated men. Photographs are the central documents within this thesis and the growing field of visual history provides the framework for study. Photograph collections are selected from a variety of sources, including the Canterbury Museum, the Christchurch City Council archives, the Christchurch Club, Christchurch Boys' High School and my own family collection. The selection process centres on presenting collections which offer insight into a variety of settings across Christchurch, and the photographs within this thesis were chosen due to their representation of the collection they came from. Gillian Rose's methodology, which looks at the sites of production, the image, and the audience, shapes the study of the photographs. Read as documents and then situated into the broader contextual understanding of turn of the twentieth century Christchurch, these photographs allow the viewer to read the past with new eyes. This thesis offers a complementary reading of the masculine history of New Zealand. With an analysis influenced by the theoretical underpinnings of gender history, social history and visual history, the photographs show how ideas of masculinity developed in the urban setting of Christchurch. It highlights how ideas of class shaped the power relations of men, how physical settings offered different aspects of masculinity to be portrayed. The relationships between men, as well as those between men and women, demonstrate how masculine ideas were not dictated to by stereotypes, but by a range of at times contradictory imagery.