Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced signaling gas involved in numerous cellular functions. At the appropriate concentration, exogenous administration of this gasotransmitter regulates vasodilation, promotes angiogenesis of endothelial cells, and generally exhibits beneficial effects as an anti-inflammatory and antioperoxidative agent. H2S is also capable of acting as a gaseous chemotherapeutic agent. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of exogenous delivery of H2S is vast. The delivery of H2S is complicated by its gaseous nature. Under physiologically relevant conditions, H2S is rapidly depleted from solution by oxidation and/or degassing. Therefore, direct exogenous delivery is difficult. To date, most studies have employed Na2S as a convenient H2S source. However, the rapid surge in H2S concentration upon Na2S dissolution followed by its rapid decline poorly mimics the sustained production of low concentrations of H2S that occurs in biological systems. We synthesized a library of S-aroylthiooximes (SATOs)—H2S-releasing compounds that more aptly mimic in vivo H2S concentrations. SATOs are synthesized via reaction of a S-aroylthiohydroxylamine and an aldehyde or ketone. SATOs release H2S in response to a thiol functionality. H2S release from SATOs could be controlled, with H2S release half-lives on the order of minutes to hours. SATO chemistry was utilized to prepare H2S-releasing polymers. Copolymers prepared using RAFT polymerization could be functionalized with SATOs with conversions > 99%, and these polymers released H2S on a similar timescale to our small molecule donors, confirming the viability of SATO formation as a post-polymerization modification strategy. SATO-functionalized polymer amphiphiles were prepared that self-assembled into micelles or vesicles based on their composition. H2S was released from these polymer assemblies more slowly than from the small molecules and statistical polymers. These H2S-releasing micelles were employed in in vitro cytotoxicity studies. H2S released from the micelles was found to be selectively toxic to human colon cancer cells compared with healthy fibroblasts. These polymeric micelle donors outperformed existing H2S donors in terms of their toxicity towards cancer cells. The observed enhanced toxicity was suspected to arise from the slow and sustained release of H2S from the micelles. / Ph. D. / Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is biologically relevant gas involved in numerous cellular functions. At the appropriate concentration, administration of this gasotransmitter exhibits potentially beneficial effects in multiple biological systems. H2S is also capable of acting as a gaseous chemotherapeutic agent. Therefore, the therapeutic potential of H2S is vast. The delivery of H2S is complicated by its gaseous nature. Under physiologically relevant conditions, H2S is rapidly depleted from solution by oxidation and/or degassing. Therefore, direct external delivery is difficult. To date, most studies have employed used sulfide salds as a convenient H2S source. However, these poorly mimic the production of low concentrations of H2S that occurs in biological systems. We synthesized a library of S-aroylthiooximes (SATOs)—H2S-releasing molecules that more aptly mimic H2S concentrations in the body. SATOs can be triggered to release H2S by biologically relevant compounds. H2S release from SATOs could be controlled over minutes to hours. SATO chemistry was utilized to prepare H2S-releasing polymers. Copolymers were prepared using and functionalized with SATOs, and these polymers released H2S on a similar timescale to our small molecule donors. SATO-functionalized nanoparticles were also prepared. H2S was released from these nanoparticles assemblies more slowly than from the small molecules and polymers. H2S released from the micelles was found to be selectively toxic to human colon cancer cells compared with healthy cells. These nanoparticle donors outperformed existing H2S donors in terms of their toxicity towards cancer cells. The observed enhanced toxicity was suspected to arise from the slow and sustained release of H2S from the nanoparticles.

La thèse porte sur une nouvelle classe de polymères à architecture en brosse, synthétisés à l'échelle industrielle et utilisés comme additifs dans les suspensions colloïdales pour le couchage du papier. Le polymère en brosse contrôle la déshydratation et le séchage des suspensions ce qui permet d'obtenir des revêtements d'une qualité incomparable. L'objectif est de modéliser sur un plan fondamental le rôle fonctionnel des polymères en relation avec les performances en application. Dans une première partie nous étudions leurs propriétés physicochimiques, structurales et rhéologiques en solution en discutant les spécificités dues à l'architecture en brosse. Dans une seconde partie nous analysons à l'aide d'un dispositif expérimental original les propriétés de rétention d'eau apportées par les polymères. Dans une troisième partie nous étudions le séchage de suspensions de carbonate de calcium sur des substrats solides, qui conduit en général à des motifs hétérogènes dits en " anneau de café ". Nous avons découvert que les polymères en brosse à très faible concentration suppriment ces défauts de séchage de façon remarquable. Le nouveau mécanisme physique à l'¿uvre, que nous appelons effet Marangoni auto-induit, résulte des propriétés interfaciales des polymères et de leurs interactions spécifiques avec les particules de carbonate de calcium. Pour conclure nous établissons un lien entre les propriétés de rétention d'eau et l'inhibition des défauts de séchage. Nous démontrons alors le caractère générique de nos résultats en les transposant à une suspension biologique, le sang, où les polymères pourraient présenter un intérêt dans le traitement de pathologies cardiovasculaires. / This work focuses on a new class of bottlebrush polymers, synthesized on an industrial scale and used as additives in colloidal suspensions for paper coatings. The bottlebrush polymer controls the dehydration and drying of the suspensions, and leads to coatings of outstanding quality. Our aim is to model the functional role of these polymers from a fundamental perspective in relation with applicative performances. In a first part we study their physicochemical, structural and rheological properties in solution, emphasizing the specificities due to the brush architecture. In a second part we implement an original experimental setup to analyze the water retention properties brought by the polymers. In a third part we study the drying of calcium carbonate suspensions on solid substrates, which in general forms to heterogeneous patterns called “coffee-rings”. We discovered that at very low concentration, bottlebrush polymers remarkably suppress these defects. We call auto-induced Marangoni effect the new physical mechanism at work. It results from the interfacial properties of the polymers and their specific interactions with calcium carbonate particles. To conclude, we establish a link between water retention properties and drying defect inhibition. We demonstrate the generic character of our results which can be transposed to a biological suspension, blood, where these polymers could be of interest for cardiovascular disease treatment.