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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Salt Tectonics and Its Effect on Sediment Structure and Gas Hydrate Occurrence in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico from 2-D Multichannel Seismic Data

Lewis, Dan'L 1986- 14 March 2013 (has links)
This study was undertaken to investigate mobile salt and its effect on fault structures and gas hydrate occurrence in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Industry 2-D multichannel seismic data were used to investigate the effects of the salt within an area of 7,577 mi^2 (19,825 km^2) on the Texas continental slope in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The western half of the study area is characterized by a thick sedimentary wedge and isolated salt diapirs whereas the eastern half is characterized by a massive and nearly continuous salt sheet topped by a thin sedimentary section. This difference in salt characteristics marks the edge of the continuous salt sheets of the central Gulf of Mexico and is likely a result of westward decline of original salt volume. Beneath the sedimentary wedge in the western part of the survey, an anomalous sedimentary package was found, that is described here as the diapiric, gassy sediment package (DGSP). The DGSP is highly folded at the top and is marked by tall, diapiric features. It may be either deformed shale or the toe of a complex thrust zone detaching the sedimentary wedge from deeper layers. The dataset was searched for the occurrence of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs), as they are widely accepted as a geophysical indicator of gas trapped beneath gas hydrate deposits, which are known to occur farther east in the Gulf. Although, many seismic signatures were found that suggest widespread occurrence of gas within the upper sediment column, few BSRs were found. Even considering non-traditional definitions of BSRs, only a few occurrences of patchy and isolated BSRs features were identified. The lack of traditional BSRs is likely the result of geologic conditions that make it difficult to recognize gas hydrate deposits. These factors include: (1) unfavorable layer geometries, (2) flow of warm brines from depth, (3) elevated geotherms due to the thermogenic properties of salt and its varying thickness, and (4) widespread low porosity and permeability sediments within the gas hydrate stability zone.
2

Heat flow variability at the Costa Rica subduction zone as modeled by bottom-simulating reflector depths imaged in the CRISP 3D seismic survey

Cavanaugh, Shannon Lynn 09 November 2012 (has links)
3D seismic reflection data were acquired by the R/V Langseth and used to extract heat flow information using bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) depths across the southern Costa Rica convergent margin. These data are part of the CRISP Project, which will seismically image the Middle America subduction zone in 3D. The survey was conducted in an area approximately 55x11 km, northwest of the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. For the analysis presented here, seismic data were processed using a post-stack time migration. The BSR—a reverse polarity seismic reflection indicating the base of the gas hydrate phase boundary—is imaged clearly within the slope-cover sediments of the margin wedge. If pressure is taken into account, in deep water environments the BSR acts as a temperature gauge revealing subsurface temperatures across the margin. Two heat flow models were used in this analysis. In the Hornbach model BSR depth is predicted using a true 3D diffusive heat flow model combined with Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) thermal conductivity data and results are compared with actual BSR depth observations to constrain where heat flow anomalies exist. In the second model heat flow values are estimated using the heat flow equation. Uniform heat flow in the region should result in a deeper BSR downslope toward the trench due to higher pressure; however results indicate the BSR is deepest at over 325 meters below the seafloor (mbsf) further landward and shoals near the trench to less than 100 mbsf, suggesting elevated heat flow towards the toe of the accretionary prism. Heat flow values also reflect this relation. In addition to this survey-wide trend, local heat flow anomalies appear in the form of both circular patterns and linear trends extending across the survey, which can be related to mounds, thrust faults, folds, double BSRs, and seafloor erosion imaged in the seismic data. I suggest that these areas of higher local heat flow represent sites where advection of heat from deep, upward-migrating, thermogenically-sourced fluids and/or gases may be taking place. These heat flow trends have implications for not only earthquake nucleation, but also methane hydrate reserve stability. / text
3

BOTTOM SIMULATING REFLECTORS ON CANADA?S EAST COAST MARGIN: EVIDENCE FOR GAS HYDRATE.

Mosher, David C. 07 1900 (has links)
The presence of gas hydrates offshore of eastern Canada has long been inferred from estimated stability zone calculations, but the physical evidence is yet to be discovered. While geophysical evidence derived from seismic and borehole logging data provides indications of hydrate occurrence in a number of areas, the results are not regionally comprehensive and, in some cases, are inconsistent. In this study, the results of systematic seismic mapping along the Scotian and Newfoundland margins are documented. An extensive set of 2-D and 3-D, single and multi-channel, seismic reflection data comprising ~45,000 line-km was analyzed for possible evidence of hydrate. Bottom simulating reflectors (including one double BSR) were identified at five different sites, ranging between 300 and 600 m below the seafloor and in water depths of 1000 to 2900 m. The combined area of the five BSRs is 1720 km2, which comprises a small proportion of the theoretical stability zone area along the Scotian and Newfoundland margins (~635,000 km2). The apparent paucity of BSRs may relate to the rarity of gas hydrates on the margin or may be simply due to geophysical limitations in detecting hydrate.
4

SITE SELECTION FOR DOE/JIP GAS HYDRATE DRILLING IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF MEXICO

Hutchinson, Deborah R., Shelander, Dianna, Dai, Jianchun, McConnel, Dan, Shedd, William, Frye, Matthew, Ruppel, Carolyn, Boswell, Ray, Jones, Emrys, Collett, Timothy S., Rose, Kelly, Dugan, Brandon, Wood, Warren, Latham, Tom 07 1900 (has links)
In the late spring of 2008, the Chevron-led Gulf of Mexico Gas Hydrate Joint Industry Project (JIP) expects to conduct an exploratory drilling and logging campaign to better understand gas hydrate-bearing sands in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The JIP Site Selection team selected three areas to test alternative geological models and geophysical interpretations supporting the existence of potential high gas hydrate saturations in reservoir-quality sands. The three sites are near existing drill holes which provide geological and geophysical constraints in Alaminos Canyon (AC) lease block 818, Green Canyon (GC) 955, and Walker Ridge (WR) 313. At the AC818 site, gas hydrate is interpreted to occur within the Oligocene Frio volcaniclastic sand at the crest of a fold that is shallow enough to be in the hydrate stability zone. Drilling at GC955 will sample a faulted, buried Pleistocene channel-levee system in an area characterized by seafloor fluid expulsion features, structural closure associated with uplifted salt, and abundant seismic evidence for upward migration of fluids and gas into the sand-rich parts of the sedimentary section. Drilling at WR313 targets ponded sheet sands and associated channel/levee deposits within a minibasin, making this a non-structural play. The potential for gas hydrate occurrence at WR313 is supported by shingled phase reversals consistent with the transition from gas-charged sand to overlying gas-hydrate saturated sand. Drilling locations have been selected at each site to 1) test geological methods and models used to infer the occurrence of gas hydrate in sand reservoirs in different settings in the northern Gulf of Mexico; 2) calibrate geophysical models used to detect gas hydrate sands, map reservoir thicknesses, and estimate the degree of gas hydrate saturation; and 3) delineate potential locations for subsequent JIP drilling and coring operations that will collect samples for comprehensive physical property, geochemical and other analyses
5

Imagerie sismique quantitative de la marge convergente d'Equateur-Colombie : Application des mèthodes tomographiques aux données de sismique réflexion multitrace et réfraction-réflexion grand-angle des campagnes SISTEUR et SALIERI

Agudelo, William 08 July 2005 (has links) (PDF)
Mon travail de thèse se propose d'étudier la structure, les propriétés physiques et les processus géodynamiques de la zone de subduction d'Equateur-Colombie grâce à l'adaptation et le développement d'outils d'imagerie sismique (inversion de formes d'ondes 'alias' tomographie en diffraction) et à leur application aux données de sismique marine multitrace (MCS) et grand-angle OBS (WA) acquises en Equateur-Colombie pendant les campagnes SISTEUR et SALIERI. Ces outils m'ont permis de réaliser une imagerie fine et quantitative à trois niveaux : l'imagerie superficielle (~ 0-3 km), l'imagerie à profondeur intermédiaire (~ 3-10 km) et l'imagerie profonde (~ 10-30 km). Dans le domaine superficiel, j'ai effectué une cartographie fine et quantitative des propriétés physiques des sédiments au voisinage du BSR (Bottom Simulating Reflector), interpreté comme la base de stabilité des hydrates de gaz. Sur le profil SIS-40 situé sur la marge sud de la Colombie, j'ai pu identifier la présence de failles qui perturbent localement le BSR. Les résultats présentés sous la forme d' une série de logs adjacents de l'image migrée en profondeur, montrent que certaines régions du BSR sont caractérisées par une augmentation de la vitesse (1470-1650 m/s), indiquant la présence d'une faible quantité d'hydrates de gaz au dessus du BSR; d'autres zones situées immédiatement sous le BSR sont caractérisées par une diminution de la vitesse (~1200 m/s), liée à la présence de gaz libres piégés sous la couche d'hydrate de gaz. A des profondeurs moyennes j'ai étudié la structure du chenal de subduction (profil SIS-72). Le chenal constitue la limite mécanique entre la plaque chevauchante et la plaque plongeante. Il est délimité à son toit par un fort réflecteur interprété comme le décollement interplaque et à sa base par le toit très réflectif de la croûte océanique en subduction. L'imagerie fine et quantitative des propriétés physiques du décollement interplaque permet de mieux comprendre le rôle de la circulation des fluides et des variations lithologiques et physiques, sur le couplage mécanique inter-plaque. En raison de la sensibilité de la méthode de tomographie en diffraction au macro-modèle de vitesse, un code de correction de ce modèle a été implémenté, afin d'obtenir des images tomographiques fiables (i.e. géométrie et amplitudes correctes). Du fait de la bande passante limitée de la source et de la longueur du dispositif d'acquisition limitée à 4.5 km, les images tomographiques ont une résolution spatiale limitée : l'image tomographique présente un déficit des petits et grands nombre d'onde (fréquences spatiales) limitant ainsi l' interprétation géologique des paramètres physiques cartographiés. Un traitement spécifique basé sur la modélisation des traces sismiques a été implémenté. L'image tomographique, traitée comme une série de traces verticales, constitue la donnée observée. L'espace des modèles est constitué par un ensemble de modèles impulsionnels et unidimensionnels de Terre construits aléatoirement. Ces modèles sont dégradés par convolution avec une estimation de l'ondelette source afin de fournir une représentation synthétique de l'image tomographique « observée ». La minimisation de la fonction coût entre les traces migrées et les traces synthétiques est effectuée dans le cadre d'une inversion globale par recuit simulé (VFSA= « Very Fast Simulated Annealing »). Le modèle moyen issu de cette procédure fournit un modèle 2D fin de vitesse, fonction de la profondeur et comparable à la limite de la résolution théorique de la source. A l'issue de ce traitement, des perturbations de vitesse positives sont mises en évidence au toit de la croûte, et d'autres négatives accompagnent certains segments du niveau du décollement. Ces dernières sont probablement associées à la présence de fluides. Le domaine plus profond a été étudié à partir des données MCS et WA dans le double but (1) d'améliorer la résolution spatiale des images sismiques du Moho et du contact interplaque en relation avec la zone sismogène, et (2) de détecter la présence d'anomalies crustales de vitesse et d'analyser leur relation avec les zones d'aspérité sismologiques. L'utilisation conjointe des données de sismique MCS et WA a été mise en oeuvre pour prolonger vers le bas les images de sismique verticale et tenter ainsi d'établir une relation entre les processus profonds et les manifestations en surface. L'application de la chaîne de traitement au profil SIS-44 a permis d'obtenir un modèle de vitesse bien contraint jusqu'à 25 km de profondeur. Ce modèle met en évidence des réflecteurs profonds (Moho et contact interplaque ) et des réflecteurs plus superficiels (splay fault), dont l'interprétation était initialement incertaine sur les images migrées en temps.

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