Title: Complexity Theory in Feasible Mathematics Author: Ján Pich Department: Department of Algebra Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Jan Krajíček, DrSc., MAE Abstract: We study the provability of statements and conjectures from Complex- ity Theory in Bounded Arithmetic. First, modulo a hardness assumption, we show that theories weaker in terms of provably total functions than Buss's theory S1 2 cannot prove nk -size circuit lower bounds for SAT formalized as a Σb 2-formula LB(SAT, nk ). In particular, the true universal first-order theory in the language containing names for all uniform NC1 algorithms denoted TNC1 does not prove LB(SAT, n4kc ) where k ≥ 1, c ≥ 2 unless each function f ∈ SIZE(nk ) can be approximated by formulas Fn of subexponential size 2O(n1/c) with subexponential advantage: Px∈{0,1}n [Fn(x) = f(x)] ≥ 1/2 + 1/2O(n1/c) . Unconditionally, V 0 does not prove quasipolynomial nlog n -size circuit lower bounds for SAT. Considering upper bounds, we prove the PCP theorem in Cook's theory PV1. This includes a formalization of the (n, d, λ)-graphs in PV1. A consequence of the result is that Extended Frege proof system admits p-size proofs of tautologies encoding the PCP theorem. Keywords: Circuit Lower Bounds, Bounded Arithmetic, The PCP theorem

In the Light of Intuitionism: Two Investigations in Proof Theory This dissertation focuses on two specific interconnections between the clas- sical and the intuitionistic proof theory. In the first part, we will propose a formalization for Gödel's informal reading of the BHK interpretation, using the usual classical arithmetical proofs. His provability interpretation of the propositional intuitionistic logic, first appeared in [1], in which he introduced the modal system, S4, as a formalization of the intuitive concept of prov- ability and then translated IPC to S4 in a sound and complete manner. His work suggested the search for a concrete provability interpretation for the modal logic S4 which itself leads to a concrete provability interpretation for the intutionistic logic. In the first chapter of this work, we will try to solve this problem. For this purpose, we will generalize Solovay's provabil- ity interpretation of the modal logic GL to capture other modal logics such as K4, KD4 and S4. Then, using the mentioned Gödel's translation, we will propose a formalization for the BHK interpretation via classical proofs. As a consequence, it will be shown that the BHK interpretation is powerful enough to admit many different formalizations that surprisingly capture dif- ferent propositional logics, including...

Die Theorie disjunkter NP-Paare, die auf natürliche Weise statt einzelner Sprachen Paare von NP-Mengen zum Objekt ihres Studiums macht, ist vor allem wegen ihrer Anwendungen in der Kryptografie und Beweistheorie interessant. Im Zentrum dieser Dissertation steht die Analyse der Beziehung zwischen disjunkten NP-Paaren und aussagenlogischen Beweissystemen. Haben die Anwendungen der NP-Paare in der Beweistheorie maßgeblich das Verständnis aussagenlogischer Beweissysteme gefördert, so beschreiten wir in dieser Arbeit gewissermaßen den umgekehrten Weg, indem wir Methoden der Beweistheorie zur genaueren Untersuchung des Verbands disjunkter NP-Paare heranziehen. Insbesondere ordnen wir jedem Beweissystem P eine Klasse DNPP(P) von NP-Paaren zu, deren Disjunktheit in dem Beweissystem P mit polynomiell langen Beweisen gezeigt werden kann. Zu diesen Klassen DNPP(P) zeigen wir eine Reihe von Resultaten, die illustrieren, dass robust definierten Beweissystemen sinnvolle Komplexitätsklassen DNPP(P) entsprechen. Als wichtiges Hilfsmittel zur Untersuchung aussagenlogischer Beweissysteme und der daraus abgeleiteten Klassen von NP-Paaren benutzen wir die Korrespondenz starker Beweissysteme zu erststufigen arithmetischen Theorien, die gemeinhin unter dem Schlagwort beschränkte Arithmetik zusammengefasst werden. In der Praxis trifft man statt auf zwei häufig auf eine größere Zahl konkurrierender Bedingungen. Daher widmen wir uns der Erweiterung der Theorie disjunkter NP-Paare auf disjunkte Tupel von NP-Mengen. Unser Hauptergebnis in diesem Bereich besteht in der Charakterisierung der Fragen nach der Existenz optimaler Beweissysteme und vollständiger NP-Paare mit Hilfe disjunkter Tupel. / Disjoint NP-pairs are an interesting complexity theoretic concept with important applications in cryptography and propositional proof complexity. In this dissertation we explore the connection between disjoint NP-pairs and propositional proof complexity. This connection is fruitful for both fields. Various disjoint NP-pairs have been associated with propositional proof systems which characterize important properties of these systems, yielding applications to areas such as automated theorem proving. Further, conditional and unconditional lower bounds for the separation of disjoint NP-pairs can be translated to results on lower bounds to the length of propositional proofs. In this way disjoint NP-pairs have substantially contributed to the understanding of propositional proof systems. Conversely, this dissertation aims to transfer proof-theoretic knowledge to the theory of NP-pairs to gain a more detailed understanding of the structure of the class of disjoint NP-pairs and in particular of the NP-pairs defined from propositional proof systems. For a proof system P we introduce the complexity class DNPP(P) of all disjoint NP-pairs for which the disjointness of the pair is efficiently provable in the proof system P. We exhibit structural properties of proof systems which make the previously defined canonical NP-pairs of these proof systems hard or complete for DNPP(P). Moreover, we demonstrate that non-equivalent proof systems can have equivalent canonical pairs and that depending on the properties of the proof systems different scenarios for DNPP(P) and the reductions between the canonical pairs exist. As an important tool for our investigation we use the connection of propositional proof systems and disjoint NP-pairs to theories of bounded arithmetic.

Název práce: O síle slabých rozšírení teorie V0 Autor: Sebastian Müller Katedra: Katedra Algebry Vedoucí disertační práce: Prof. RNDr. Jan Krajíček, DrSc., Katedra Algebry. Abstrakt: V predložené disertacní práci zkoumáme sílu slabých fragmentu arit- metiky. Činíme tak jak z modelově-teoretického pohledu, tak z pohledu důkazové složitosti. Pohled skrze teorii modelu naznačuje, že malý iniciální segment libo- volného modelu omezené aritmetiky bude modelem silnější teorie. Jako příklad ukážeme, že každý polylogaritmický řez modelu V0 je modelem VNC. Užitím známé souvislosti mezi fragmenty omezené aritmetiky a dokazatelností v ro- zličných důkazových systémech dokážeme separaci mezi rezolucí a TC0 -Frege systémem na náhodných 3CNF-formulích s jistým poměrem počtu klauzulí vůci počtu proměnných. Zkombinováním obou výsledků dostaneme slabší separační výsledek pro rezoluci a Fregeho důkazové systémy omezené hloubky. Klíčová slova: omezená aritmetika, důkazová složitost, Fregeho důkazový systém, Fregeho důkazový systém omezené hloubky, rezoluce Title: On the Power of Weak Extensions of V0 Author: Sebastian Müller Department: Department of Algebra Supervisor: Prof. RNDr. Jan Krajíček, DrSc., Department of Algebra....