Giving a knot, there are three rules to help us finding the Kauffman bracket polynomial. Choosing knot’s orientation, then applying the Seifert algorithm to find the Euler characteristic and genus of its surface. Finally finding the relationship of the Kauffman bracket polynomial and the genus of the alternating links is the main goal of this paper.

Deformation of the orthodontic bracket upon wire engagement may result in torque dissipation within the bracket rather than transmission to the tooth and its supporting structures. The purpose of this study was: 1) quantify the amount of torque expression and 2) quantify any deformation as a result of such increasing torque expression. Digital image correlation is an accurate means of analyzing an orthodontic bracket's structural response to an applied moment of force created through archwire rotation in vitro. A sample of 30 Orthos and 30 OrthosTi brackets were tested with custom software using a novel application of digital image correlation. OrthosTi brackets produce significantly greater amounts of torque from 48 to 24 returning to a neutral position. Titanium brackets exhibit greater variance in torque expression but less variance in deformation. Orthos stainless steel brackets exhibit significantly greater amounts of bracket slot deformation in comparison to the OrthosTi. / Orthodontics

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Friction, binding and notching are the factors that contribute to resistance to sliding during orthodontic tooth movement. However, most attempts at reducing resistance aim only to reduce the archwire/ligature friction. In this study, a novel bracket with a unique design aimed to reduce all three components of resistance to sliding. Four types of brackets (passive and active self-ligating, traditionally ligated and the novel bracket, (n=5, each) were tested at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8ᵒ of tip on a 0.019 x 0.025”archwire. The resistance to sliding values were recorded. At 0ᵒ, the passive self-ligating and novel bracket showed reduced resistance when compared to the traditionally ligated bracket (P< 0.05). At the other angles of tip, no differences were observed among the brackets. These data suggest that the novel bracket could potentially decrease the resistance to sliding during orthodontic treatment and further studies are indicated to test the improved bracket design.

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The objective of this thesis was to identify differences in torque expression between three brands of metallic self-ligating brackets with stainless steel, TMA® and CuNiTi® wire and to compare active and passive designs. 150 of each Damon-3MX (Ormco Inc, Orange, CA, USA), SPEED (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada) and In-Ovation-R (GAC, Bohemia, NY, USA) brackets were measured for torque expression (Nmm) in an Air-shields Isolette® infant incubator. Torque expression in SPEED and In-Ovation-R brackets began at approximately 7.5° vs. 12° with Damon-3MX. Clinically applicable torque expression (5-20Nmm) was observed from approximately 15-30° in SPEED & In-Ovation-R brackets with stainless steel wire. In Damon-3MX, comparable torsional moments were expressed from 18-30°. With TMA wire, SPEED exerted clinically applicable torsional moments from 18-39°, In-Ovation-R from 21-39° and Damon-3MX from 21-42°. For CuNiTi wire, SPEED expressed torsional moments of 5-20Nmm from 21-72°, In-Ovation-R from 24-63° and Damon-3MX from 27-78°. / Medical Science-Orthodontics

No / Eleven species of fungi and one slime-mould are added to the previous list of fungi from Indian Ocean islands made by the authors in 2004. Two other species in the area are confirmed. Our knowledge of fungal distributions in these remote islands is extended and comments are made on some immature collections. This small collection does, however, indicate a palaeotropical element to the mycota with bias towards species found in Southeast Asia, although some have a worldwide distribution.

Orthodontic brackets undergo resistance during sliding that includes classical friction, binding, and notching. Current bracket systems are hampered by these challenging forces. As a result, the clinician usually needs to apply additional forces to overcome the resistance which increases the risk of root resorption and discomfort for the patient. This study evaluated frictional properties of a novel bracket that had polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon™) coated rollers in its design. Five types of brackets (n = 10, each), including a passive self-ligating bracket, a traditional ligated bracket, a three-dimensionally printed direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) bracket with and without Teflon™ rollers, and computer numeric controlled (CNC) machine milled bracket with Teflon™ rollers were tested. The peak resistance values were assessed at 0°, 4°, and 8° of tip on a 0.019 x 0.025” arch wire. At 8° of tip, the DMLS and the CNC milled bracket systems, both with Teflon™ rollers, exhibited less friction as compared to the other brackets tested (p

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