O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar os impactos causados no ambiente da integração regional, com a opção feita pelo governo brasileiro de promover reformas na educação superior a partir de 1995. Em vista disso, analisa-se o dilema criado pela dificuldade de qualificar de imediato no Brasil quase 40 mil docentes com a titulação de mestres e doutores, e as repercussões advindas de um modelo de pós-graduação criado em instituições de ensino superior da Argentina e do Paraguai não equiparado ao modelo brasileiro. Como consequência, observam-se os entraves que impedem o reconhecimento pelo Brasil dos diplomas lá obtidos por docentes em busca obrigatória de qualificação. Busca-se, também demonstrar que essas reformas contribuíram para melhorar os níveis de ensino e a qualidade dos docentes na pós-graduação; que há diálogo entre os sistemas de pós-graduação do Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai; que as exigências da CAPES são, em boa parte, equiparadas com as exigências ou critérios utilizados pela CONEAU e ANEAES; e que a questão do reconhecimento de diplomas obtidos em países do cone sul tem gerado discussão em todo o país. A metodologia utilizada assenta-se nas estratégias de investigação: análise bibliográfica e documental e pesquisa de campo. Esta tese classifica-se como pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, centrada na análise das respostas às entrevistas e questionários aplicados com estudantes, professores e autoridades públicas em universidades. As respostas obtidas revelam questões regionais, administrativas, jurídicas e políticas vinculadas ao problema do reconhecimento dos diplomas de pós-graduação em análise. / The aim of this research is to study the impacts on regional integration environment, from the choice made by the Brazilian government to promote reforms in higher education since 1995. From there, the dilemma created by the difficulty to qualify immediately in Brazil almost 40,000 teachers with the titration of masters and doctors, and events resulting from a graduate model created in higher education institutions in Argentina and is analyzed Paraguay, not equivalent to the Brazilian model. As a result, it is observed the barriers to the recognition by Brazil of diplomas Obtained there by teachers in compulsory search for qualification. Specifically, we seek to demonstrate that these reforms helped to improve levels of education and the quality of teachers in graduate school; there is dialogue between graduate systems in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay; that the requirements of CAPES are largely comparable with those requirements or criteria used by CONEAU and ANEAES; and that the question of recognition of diplomas obtained in the Southern Cone countries has generated discussion across the country. The methodology is based on the forms of bibliographic research, documentary and field research. The interviews and questionnaires reveal regional, administrative, legal and political issues linked to the problem of recognition of postgraduate diplomas. This thesis is classified qualitative research, whose analyzes are more dissertational, although not exempt from the explanation of the phenomena and quantitative results, as well as the help of primary sources for its enrichment.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é estudar os impactos causados no ambiente da integração regional, com a opção feita pelo governo brasileiro de promover reformas na educação superior a partir de 1995. Em vista disso, analisa-se o dilema criado pela dificuldade de qualificar de imediato no Brasil quase 40 mil docentes com a titulação de mestres e doutores, e as repercussões advindas de um modelo de pós-graduação criado em instituições de ensino superior da Argentina e do Paraguai não equiparado ao modelo brasileiro. Como consequência, observam-se os entraves que impedem o reconhecimento pelo Brasil dos diplomas lá obtidos por docentes em busca obrigatória de qualificação. Busca-se, também demonstrar que essas reformas contribuíram para melhorar os níveis de ensino e a qualidade dos docentes na pós-graduação; que há diálogo entre os sistemas de pós-graduação do Brasil, Argentina e Paraguai; que as exigências da CAPES são, em boa parte, equiparadas com as exigências ou critérios utilizados pela CONEAU e ANEAES; e que a questão do reconhecimento de diplomas obtidos em países do cone sul tem gerado discussão em todo o país. A metodologia utilizada assenta-se nas estratégias de investigação: análise bibliográfica e documental e pesquisa de campo. Esta tese classifica-se como pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, centrada na análise das respostas às entrevistas e questionários aplicados com estudantes, professores e autoridades públicas em universidades. As respostas obtidas revelam questões regionais, administrativas, jurídicas e políticas vinculadas ao problema do reconhecimento dos diplomas de pós-graduação em análise. / The aim of this research is to study the impacts on regional integration environment, from the choice made by the Brazilian government to promote reforms in higher education since 1995. From there, the dilemma created by the difficulty to qualify immediately in Brazil almost 40,000 teachers with the titration of masters and doctors, and events resulting from a graduate model created in higher education institutions in Argentina and is analyzed Paraguay, not equivalent to the Brazilian model. As a result, it is observed the barriers to the recognition by Brazil of diplomas Obtained there by teachers in compulsory search for qualification. Specifically, we seek to demonstrate that these reforms helped to improve levels of education and the quality of teachers in graduate school; there is dialogue between graduate systems in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay; that the requirements of CAPES are largely comparable with those requirements or criteria used by CONEAU and ANEAES; and that the question of recognition of diplomas obtained in the Southern Cone countries has generated discussion across the country. The methodology is based on the forms of bibliographic research, documentary and field research. The interviews and questionnaires reveal regional, administrative, legal and political issues linked to the problem of recognition of postgraduate diplomas. This thesis is classified qualitative research, whose analyzes are more dissertational, although not exempt from the explanation of the phenomena and quantitative results, as well as the help of primary sources for its enrichment.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l’impact du P.I.B.I.D. (Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência), programme de formation des professeurs au Brésil, créé en 2007, sur la formation des enseignants de mathématiques.Notre problématique est double : le P.I.B.I.D. apporte-t-il une amélioration conséquente à la formation des enseignants ?, et pour les professeurs de mathématiques : est-ce que la didactique des mathématiques, telle qu’elle est enseignée dans les Instituts d’Enseignement Supérieur, est liée réellement à la pratique de classe des enseignants formés par ce programme ?L’impact de la pensée française dans la sphère éducative brésilienne est indéniable. Ce sont de grands chercheurs français qui ont dirigé la construction des curriculums de formation des enseignants brésiliens. Il est donc naturel de comparer la formation donnée par le P.I.B.I.D. avec celle donnée dans les E.S.P.E. en France. Quatre parties composent cette thèse. Dans la première nous traçons le cadre général dans lequel se place la formation des enseignants en faisant une brève comparaison des systèmes scolaires brésilien et français au Chapitre I. Dans le suivant après avoir présenté succinctement le système d’enseignement supérieur brésilien, nous faisons un historique de la formation des professeurs au Brésil depuis 1 827, puis nous présentons le PIBID, sa création et son évolution jusqu’à nos jours où il va être remplacé par le Programme de Résidence Pédagogique.Dans la deuxième partie, nous abordons un point technique essentiel pour comprendre le PIBID : le système statistique complexe utilisé au Brésil pour piloter le système éducatif et repérer les écoles ayant le plus d’élèves en difficulté afin de les encourager à participer à ce programme en accueillant des boursiers. Au chapitre III, nous décrivons le Recensement Scolaire et son organisation. Nous explicitons certains concepts statistiques comme le flux scolaire et le taux de performance. Pour trouver des comparaisons pertinentes entre le Brésil et de la France, nous portons notre attention sur le redoublement et le décrochage scolaire en France. Au chapitre IV nous approfondissons ces concepts en détaillant le fonctionnement du S.A.E.B. (Système National d’Évaluation de l’Éducation de Base) et le calcul de l’I.D.E.B. (Indice de Développement de l’Éducation de Base) qui est crucial pour le P.I.B.I.D.Dans la troisième partie au chapitre V, nous analysons les réponses aux questions que nous avons posées lors des entretiens menés auprès de 34 acteurs du P.I.B.I.D. L’intégralité des échanges traduits en français figure à l’Annexe A. V. La transcription représente plus de 3 700 tours de parole.Enfin la quatrième partie est consacrée au point central de notre réflexion sur la formation des enseignants de mathématiques au Brésil, c’est-à-dire l’apport des théories pédagogiques et didactiques à cette formation.Nous décrivons brièvement au chapitre VI, l’influence au Brésil des recherches françaises en pédagogie et en didactique des mathématiques, en prenant en considération les travaux de Gaston Bachelard et Jean Piaget pour la pédagogie et de Guy Brousseau, Gérard Vergnaud, Yves Chevallard et Michèle Artigue, Gérard Sensevy et Rémi Brissiaud pour la didactique. Dans le chapitre VII, après un bref rappel des dispositifs de formation des enseignants en France nous portons un regard personnel sur cette formation dans les E.S.P.E. à travers des comptes rendus de séances d’observation que nous a pu effectuer à Nice. Enfin concernant le P.I.B.I.D., nous concluons que c’est un programme innovant qui a apporté beaucoup de progrès dans la formation des enseignants, et nous suggérons quelques améliorations sur la nature des stages dans les écoles et en retour quelques améliorations à apporter en France dans le choix des écoles où se déroulent les stages de formation des futurs enseignants.Cette recherche est complétée par une bibliographie de 180 références. / In this thesis, we study the impact of the P.I.B.I.D. (Programa Institucional of Bolsas de Iniciação in Docência), training program of teachers in Brazil, created in 2007, on the formation of the teachers of mathematics.Our problem is twofold: does the P.I.B.I.D. provide a significant improvement in teacher training ?, and for mathematics teachers: is the didactic of mathematics, as taught in Higher Education Institutes, really linked to the class practice of teachers trained by this program?The impact of French thought in the Brazilian educational sphere is undeniable. These are great French researchers who led the construction of Brazilian teacher training curricula. It is therefore natural to compare the training given by P.I.B.I.D. with that given in the E.S.P.E. in France.Four parts compose this thesis. In the first we draw the general framework in which teacher training takes place by doing a brief comparison of the Brazilian and French school systems in Chapter I. In the following chapter, after presenting briefly the Brazilian higher education system, we write a historical of the training of teachers in Brazil since 1827, next we present the P.I.B.I.D., its creation and its evolution until our days when it will be replaced by the Pedagogical Residence Program.In the second part, we address an essential technical point to understand the P.I.B.I.D.: the complex statistical system used in Brazil to steer the education system and identify the schools with the most students in difficulty, to encourage them to participate in this program, welcoming fellows future teachers. In Chapter III, we describe the School Census and its organization. We explain some statistical concepts such as school flow and performance rate. To find relevant comparisons between Brazil and France, we turn our attention to repetition and drop out of school in France. In Chapter IV we delve deeper into these concepts by detailing the functioning of the National Basic Education Assessment System (S.A.E.B.) and the calculation of the I.D.E.B. (Basic Education Development Index) which is crucial for the P.I.B.I.D.In the third part, in Chapter V, we analyze the answers to the questions we asked in interviews with 34 stakeholders in the P.I.B.I.D. All the exchanges translated into French are given in Appendix A. V. The transcript represents more than 3,700 speaking slots.Finally, the fourth part is devoted to the central point of our reflection on the training of mathematics teachers in Brazil, that is to say the contribution of pedagogical and didactic theories to this training. We briefly describe in Chapter VI, the influence in Brazil of French researches in pedagogy and didactics of mathematics, taking into account the work of Gaston Bachelard and Jean Piaget for pedagogy and Guy Brousseau, Gérard Vergnaud, Yves Chevallard, Michèle Artigue, Gérard Sensevy and Rémi Brissiaud for didactics.In Chapter VII, after a brief review of teacher training schemes in France, we take a personal look at this training in the E.S.P.E. through reports of observation sessions that we have done in Nice.Finally, concerning the P.I.B.I.D., we conclude that it is an innovative program that has made a lot of progress in the training of teachers, and we suggest some improvements on the nature of internships in schools and in return some improvement to be made in France in the choice of schools where the training courses for future teachers take place.This research is completed by a bibliography of 180 references.