<p>Uppsatsen studerar hur aktiekurser i oljerelaterade bolag har reagerat vid kraftiga svängningar av oljepriset och undersöker hur oljepriset och aktiekurserna följer varandra under en längre period. Uppsatsen använder sig av en event studie samt ett korrelationstest som metod. Det ingår totalt 8 bolag i studien som undersöks mot Brent råolja. Studien visar att företagen reagerar vid en kraftig rörelse i oljepriset samt att det finns en stark korrelation mellan oljepriset och aktiekurserna i majoriteten av företagen.</p>

Uppsatsen studerar hur aktiekurser i oljerelaterade bolag har reagerat vid kraftiga svängningar av oljepriset och undersöker hur oljepriset och aktiekurserna följer varandra under en längre period. Uppsatsen använder sig av en event studie samt ett korrelationstest som metod. Det ingår totalt 8 bolag i studien som undersöks mot Brent råolja. Studien visar att företagen reagerar vid en kraftig rörelse i oljepriset samt att det finns en stark korrelation mellan oljepriset och aktiekurserna i majoriteten av företagen.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-186).

St. Gallen, Universiẗat, Diss., 1996. / Als Buchhandelsausg. ersch. u.d.T.: Scherler, Patrik: Management der Krisenkommunikation mit ISBN 3-7190-1535-1.

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[pt] Neste trabalho será descrito o Índice de Pressão criado a partir da conjunção da margem de refino e dos diferenciais de preços dos petróleos físicos. Este índice tem por função revelar possíveis descolamentos entre o preço do benchmark ICE Brent e os diversos petróleos físicos negociados. Como os benchmarks sofrem influência de diversos outros fatores econômicos, e não somente dos dados correntes de oferta e demanda, de tempos em tempos, movimentos anormais ocorrem. Espera-se também, que tentativas de manipulação dos benchmarks via operações no mercado futuro tornem-se explícitas a partir da observação do Índice de Pressão. Sua definição busca demonstrar qual o papel dos diferenciais na identificação das condições correntes de equilíbrio do mercado físico com relação ao mercado financeiro. Na primeira parte do trabalho, há uma breve descrição do mercado e sua evolução histórica. Ainda no início do trabalho, agentes chave serão apresentados e seus papéis descritos. No capítulo 3, será apresentado o mercado do Mar do Norte e a mecânica de funcionamento dos seus principais benchmarks. Uma atenção especial será dada aos complexos instrumentos que conectam as dimensões físicas e financeiras do mercado. No capítulo 4 será descrita como o funcionamento do mercado se dá a partir das negociações baseadas em diferenciais ou spreads. No capítulo final, será introduzido o Índice de Pressão. O foco deste trabalho será na definição do Índice, bem como, na aplicação da teoria num estudo de caso do petróleo colombiano Castilla. Desta forma, podemos definir este trabalho como um estudo de caso qualitativo. / [en] In this work the Pressure Index, created from the conjunction of the refining margin and the price differentials of the physical oils, will be described. This index is intended to reveal possible mismatches between the ICE Brent benchmark price and the various traded physical oils. As the benchmarks are influenced by several other economic factors, not only from the current supply and demand data, from time to time, abnormal movements occur. It is also expected that attempts to manipulate the benchmarks will become explicit. The Pressure Index seeks to demonstrate the role of the differentials in the identification of the current equilibrium conditions of the physical market in relation to the financial market. On the beginning, there is a brief description of the market and its historical evolution. Key agents will be introduced and their roles described. In Chapter 3, the North Sea market and the mechanics of its main benchmarks will be presented. Attention will be paid to the complex instruments that connect the physical and financial dimensions of the market. In Chapter 4 it will be described how the operation of the market takes place from the negotiations based on differentials or spreads. In the final chapter, the Pressure Index will be introduced. The focus of this work will be on the definition of the Index as well as on the application of the theory in a case study of the Colombian petroleum Castilla. In this way, we can define this work as a qualitative case study.

The East Shetland Basin is a superb natural laboratory in which to study the role that normal fault growth and linkage has in determining petroleum prospectivity. Use of several high density 3D seismic volumes and over 250 boreholes permits key aspects of the Late Jurassic rift and its Permo-Triassic precursor to be analysed and its role on hydrocarbon trap formation, reservoir distribution and migration determined. The regional interpretation has revealed the generation of a North Sea archipelago of Upper Jurassic islands, the role of relay ramps in controlling syn-rift sediment dispersal patterns and the impact of normal faults of the later episode crossing and offsetting those generated by the earlier phase. The uplift, erosion and meteoric flushing of Upper Jurassic and older strata within the exposed fault blocks could potentially have huge consequences for the Brent play by enhancing reservoir properties and hence, help identify new play opportunities down-dip of major structures. Fault control on sediment dispersal can also be documented in a more localized study on the Cladhan Field, the site of a pronounced basin-margin relay ramp. This recent discovered set of syn-rift density flows illustrates how the development and distribution of depositional gradients and transport pathways form subtle play types. The Cladhan area is just one of several locations throughout the East Shetland Basin where the interaction of multiple rift phases is influential in the structural feedback after the Upper Jurassic rifting event. The delicate interaction and reactivation of underlying structural trends creates a series of multi-tiered fault block systems which can define several aspects of a petroleum system, depending upon the strike, polarity and level of reactivation of faults from one rift to another. The observations of fault growth and linkage in the Northern North Sea may provide generic lessons that help in determining petroleum prospectivity in other hydrocarbon rift basins (e.g. E. Africa and the N. Atlantic seaboard of North America).

<p>För att snabba upp addering av tal, vilket är en vital del inom signalbehandling finns olika algoritmer. En sådan algoritm är Brent Kungs vilken har en tidsfördröjning proportionell mot log2(N). </p><p>I rapporten jämförs några olika varianter av adderare med avseende på grinddjup, vilket är proportionelltmot propageringstiden. En modulgenerator för Brent Kung-adderare implementeras med Skill-kod i Cadence. Modulgeneratorn kan genera adderare av obegränsad ordlängd och är även teknologi oberoende. Brent Kung-adderarens fysiska begränsningar studeras och förslag ges på lämpliga förbättringar.</p> / <p>To speed up the addition of numbers, which is a vital part of signal processing there are different types of algorithms. One of those algorithms is the Brent Kung-adder, which has a time delay proportional to log2(N). </p><p>In the report comparison of different adders has been done, taking into account grind-depth which is proportional to the propagation time. A module generator for the Brent Kung adder is implemented with skill-code in the program Cadence. The module generator can generate adders of infinite word length and is independent of the technology used. The physical limitations of Brent Kung adders are being studied and proposals for improvements are given in the report.</p>

För att snabba upp addering av tal, vilket är en vital del inom signalbehandling finns olika algoritmer. En sådan algoritm är Brent Kungs vilken har en tidsfördröjning proportionell mot log2(N). I rapporten jämförs några olika varianter av adderare med avseende på grinddjup, vilket är proportionelltmot propageringstiden. En modulgenerator för Brent Kung-adderare implementeras med Skill-kod i Cadence. Modulgeneratorn kan genera adderare av obegränsad ordlängd och är även teknologi oberoende. Brent Kung-adderarens fysiska begränsningar studeras och förslag ges på lämpliga förbättringar. / To speed up the addition of numbers, which is a vital part of signal processing there are different types of algorithms. One of those algorithms is the Brent Kung-adder, which has a time delay proportional to log2(N). In the report comparison of different adders has been done, taking into account grind-depth which is proportional to the propagation time. A module generator for the Brent Kung adder is implemented with skill-code in the program Cadence. The module generator can generate adders of infinite word length and is independent of the technology used. The physical limitations of Brent Kung adders are being studied and proposals for improvements are given in the report.

When first received by a refinery, the crude oil usually contains some water, mineral salts, and sediments. The salt appears in different forms, most often times it is dissolved in the formation water that comes with the crude i.e. in brine form, but it could also be present as solid crystals, water-insoluble particles of corrosion products or scale and metal-organic compounds such as prophyrins and naphthenates. The amount of salt in the crude can vary typically between 5 to 200 PTB depending on the crude source, API, viscosity and other properties of the crude. For the following reasons, it is of utmost importance to reduce the amount of salt in the crude before processing the crude in the Crude Distillation Unit and consequently downstream processing units of a refinery. 1. Salt causes corrosion in the equipment. 2. Salt fouls inside the equipment. The fouling problem not only negatively impacts the heat transfer rates in the exchangers and furnace tubes but also affects the hydraulics of the system by increasing the pressure drops and hence requiring more pumping power to the system. Salt also plugs the fractionator trays and causes reduced mass transfer i.e. reduced separation efficiency and therefore need for increased re-boiler/condenser duties. 3. The salt in the crude usually has a source of metallic compounds, which could cause poisoning of catalyst in hydrotreating and other refinery units. Until a few years ago, salt concentrations as high as 10 PTB (1 PTB = 1 lb salt per 1000 bbl crude) was acceptable for desalted crude; However, most of the refineries have adopted more stringent measures for salt content and recent specs only allow 1 PTB in the desalted crude. This would require many existing refineries to improve their desalting units to achieve the tighter salt spec. This study will focus on optimizing the salt removal efficiency of a desalting unit which currently has an existing single-stage desalter. By adding a second stage desalter, the required salt spec in the desalted crude will be met. Also, focus will be on improving the heat integration of the desalting process, and optimization of the desalting temperature to achieve the best operating conditions in the plant after revamp.