This thesis is an amalgamation of and a contribution to the knowledge of the Ephemeroptera of British Columbia, an order which has been largely neglected in Canada, and particularly in this province. The three families Heptageniidae, Ephemeridae, and Baetidae are replaced by the five superfamilies Heptagenioidea, Leptophlebioidea, Caenoidea, Ephemeroidea, and Prosopistomatoidea proposed by Edmunds and Traver (1954). 146 species in 23 genera have been recorded in British Columbia. Of these, 62 as yet unidentified species are designated by number. A checklist of all recorded species, and keys and descriptions of taxonomically important criteria of the species and higher ranks are included herein. A preliminary investigation of the ecology of the nymphs collected by the author in the Alouette River and by Dr. G.G.E. Scudder in the lakes of the Chilcotin, Cariboo, and Nicola Valley regions revealed no "preference" of the nymphs for the middle or edges of the river or for particle size of the substrate. An accurate determination of the latter, however, is not obtainable with the type of collecting equipment employed during this study. Some "preference" was shown by a number of species for specific rates of current flow. No correlation between the species of nymphs and the pH or the salinity of the environment was determined. Suggestions are put forward for the extension of our knowledge of the taxonomy, ecology, and biology of the Ephemeroptera. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The problem of alcoholism is a major health concern in many countries of the world. The "skid row" alcoholic represents a minority of all alcoholics and shows deterioration to the extreme. This study is a survey of a group of "hard core" alcoholics who live in the downtown area of Vancouver, B.C. While recognizing the importance of physiological, psychological and psychiatric factors, the study evaluates the problem mainly within a sociological frame of reference. In particular, the concept of "retreatism" as set forth by R.K. Merton is related to specific characteristics of the skid row alcoholic's social functioning. The chief source of the data used is the records kept by the Vancouver City jail for the year I960 and before. These data are limited to such factors as age, education, and marital status. Consequently, evaluation of the data is limited to establishing the fact of retreatism and relating this to possible etiological factors in the light of information from other studies. A survey of treatment facilities and resources available to the skid row alcoholic illustrates a negative community attitude toward the problem. It is noted that while the public attitude toward alcoholism as a medical and social problem is changing, this is not reflected in services provided. Both government and private agencies regard the skid row alcoholic as "hopeless", and no coordinated program is in operation. Evaluation of the study indicates that while the facts do not serve as "proof" of Merton's theory, they appear to be consistent with the formulation of the phenomena of retreatism, and imply a need for further detailed research. Further, the results are compared with similar studies and appear to be sufficiently consistent to indicate that the skid row alcoholic represents a national problem which is costly and wasteful of human resources. The greatest need is for proper assessment, combined with long-term treatment and rehabilitation facilities, to supplant the present "revolving door" policies. Prerequisite to this, public education must be accelerated, since changes in community attitudes are needed if the skid row alcoholic is to be regarded as the product of cultural inadequacies and not simply as example of individual "moral weakness". / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The extensive literature in the active field of community power studies suffers from a lack of comparative work in areas other than middle-sized North American cities, while the literature on overseas Chinese communities lacks sophisticated methods of study and precise results. This thesis is an attempt to augment the literature in both areas by applying community power study techniques to the overseas Chinese community in Vancouver. An interview schedule was constructed and interviews were conducted with thirty-five leading Chinese who held at least one office in a Chinese association. Information obtained included the personal background of leaders, their opinions on leaders and associations, and their reports on various recent issues in the Chinese community. Responses concerning the influence of leaders, the influence of associations, and the basis of leadership were taken as components of ideology. Unfortunately, these components showed little relationship to each other or to the two variables with which they were expected to be associated: the generation and number of offices of the evaluator. Nominations of generally influential leaders were related to nominations of leaders in the particular areas of welfare, representation of the community, the Chinese language schools, and business. Frequently nominated general influentials were also often named as particularly well-informed about community affairs. There was also a relationship between general nominations and offices held, although the correlation was less than had been expected. The general nominations were slightly biased because second generation leaders were over-represented in the sample, made more general nominations than first generation subjects, and more often nominated leaders of their own generation. Fifty-five men were named as general influentials; twenty-five of these were nominated by at least two men of one generation. Ten were classed as first generation leaders and fifteen as second generation leaders. The two top groups of influentials were distinct in age, occupation, number of offices, and prominence in school activities. Both groups were distinguished from the thirty lesser leaders in the frequency of their nominations in the particular areas of influence, except for business influence. The first generation leaders were also distinguished by a greater number of offices. General nominations of associations were also related to nominations in the specific areas of welfare, schools, and representation, as well as to the total general nominations received by the association officers and to the number of joint-officer links with other associations. First and second generation respondents made much the same associational nominations aside from the greater second generation tendency to nominate associations prominent in welfare. Association nominations were also related to the "distance" between the respondent and the association: his own associations and associations directly linked to them were disproportionately named. Four main issues were isolated. The number of leaders named for an issue was less than that for a specific issue area, in turn less than the number of general leaders named. Leaders overlapped little from issue to issue. Almost all issue leaders were also named as general leaders. Associations were rarely mentioned as influential in the issues; their activities seem to be confined to their own members as a rule. General influence was found to be a useful variable for both associations and leaders. It was closely related to more specific influence and to strategic location on communication channels formed by executive overlaps. Broadly, the thesis indicates that it is useful and feasible to approach Chinese communities with the techniques and findings developed for North American towns. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The rocks of the Shuswap terrane have been the subject of controversy for more than 65 years. Jones (1959) recently presented evidence that in the Vernon map-area the original rocks and the superimposed metamorphism are all pre-Permian in age and probably pre-Cambrian. Jones also described (1959, pp. 47-4-9 and pp. 28-29) five different localities where unconformities separate Shuswap rocks of the Monashee and Chapperon groups from rocks of the Cache Creek group of Permian age. The present writer mapped in detail three of these localities, near Lavington, at B.X. Creek and at Salmon River. Near Lavington the contact described by Jones as an unconformity is considered to be a fault. However, the relations between metamorphic and non-metamorphic rocks are compatible with the existence of an unconformity which, if it exists, is not exposed. At B.X. Creek, the arcuate path described by Jones as marking an unconformity was found to follow a nearly-straight line in a northerly direction and to coincide with two parallel, steeply-dipping and north-trending faults which truncate the non-metamorphic rocks. At Salmon River the evidence for an unconformity is strong. The rocks below the unconformity are chloritic and argillaceous schists of the Chapperon group and strike northeast with steep dips to the southeast and northwest. The rocks above the unconformity are calcarenites, feld-spathic volcanic wackes and tuffs grading upward into argillites, and have been described by Jones as part of the Cache Creek group; they strike north or slightly east of north and dip gently to the west or west-northwest. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

For almost a century, British Columbia has exhibited a marked dependence on overseas markets to absorb a large proportion of the provincial, primary and secondary natural-resource production. The geographical location of the province, on Canada's western seaboard, and the bulky nature of many of the export commodities, makes the ocean highway a logical transportation link in the distribution of this commerce to foreign markets. The objective of this study is to trace and quantify, as precisely as possible, the development of this international, seaborne trade. It is impossible to present a complete and comprehensive account of all the items of commerce entering into British Columbia's maritime, foreign trade. However, a detailed analysis of international shipping activity on the Canadian Pacific Coast shows that, throughout the period under review, the export movement has been far more significant than the corresponding import movement. Moreover, a few staple commodities, grain, lumber, pulp and paper, coal, mineral concentrates and refined metals, have formed the mainstay of this outward traffic flow. Consequently, the scope of the study is restricted to a consideration of the distributional patterns of maritime foreign trade associated with export shipments of these commodities. The preponderance of the export movement is also reflected in the traffic balance of the individual ports on the Canadian Pacific Coast. All these ports exhibit a common characteristic in their function to serve the province's basic, export industries, and, to a lesser extent, to tranship bulk commodities from Alberta and Saskatchewan. This common bond constitutes the basis for a collective study of all these shipping points under a single term - The Port of British Columbia. A map showing the distribution of these shipping points, further demonstrates that most of them are located at points in and around the Strait of Georgia which, in effect, constitutes one large, natural harbour and is the core region of the Pacific Coast port. In addition to this central core, the remaining shipping points may be grouped into two export-oriented outports centred on the Alberni Canal area and northern coast respectively. The procedure adopted in this thesis thus attempts to answer the following questions arising out of a study of the maritime foreign trade of the Port of British Columbia. What were the chief commodities exported, and in what quantity? What effect did this trade have with regard to the number, distribution, and relative importance of shipping points within the Port of British Columbia? What were the dominant directional patterns of flow, and which were the most important forelands for these export shipments? The answers to these questions, with respect to the trade in specific commodities, are given in chapters three, four and five. The maritime foreign trade of the Port of British Columbia can be subdivided into four relatively distinct phases. Beginning in the middle of the eighteenth century, trade increased steadily until 1900, and, following a period of stagnation in the first decade of this century, continued to increase slowly until the end of the First World War. Throughout this Phase of Early Development, the principal exports were coal from Vancouver Island, and lumber from the Lower Mainland, and the number of shipping points closely reflected the number of operating mines and mills. Export forelands were confined to markets within the Pacific Basin, chiefly California and Australia. The opening of the Panama Canal, the construction of grain elevators and the first pulp and paper mills, together with an extremely favourable trading environment after the war, stimulated a vast increase in cargo traffic from the Pacific Coast. The Phase of Expansion of the maritime foreign trade of the Port of British Columbia, between 1919 and 1929, was based on the expansion and diversification of the export trade in forest products, and, after 1921, on the spectacular development of the western grain route. Patterns of accessibility in maritime space were drastically altered by the opening of the Panama Canal, and, throughout this phase, the commodity flow through the new waterway dominated the pattern of foreign exports from the province. The United Kingdom emerged as the most important individual, export foreland, and the significance of Atlantic markets was further emphasised by the growth of waterborne lumber shipments to the Eastern United States. In the Phase of Recession, between 1930 and 1945, the magnitude of the export movement underwent marked fluctuations as first depression, and later war, profoundly influenced world commodity trade. The general decline in international shipping activity resulted in only a slight reduction in the number of shipping points on the Pacific Coast. Export forelands showed a marked contraction as tariff barriers excluded British Columbia exports from many foreign markets. The dominant directional pattern of commodity flow was still southward through the Panama Canal, despite the diversion of the grain trade to Eastern Canadian ports, but it now consisted chiefly of lumber shipments destined for the United Kingdom. The final episode in the development of the maritime foreign trade of the Port of British Columbia, the Phase of Post-War Growth, has witnessed an unprecedented expansion in the volume of grain, lumber, newsprint and wood pulp exported from the Pacific Coast. Shipments of iron and copper concentrates, coking coal and aluminum, have given added strength to this export movement. This phase of greatly augmented maritime intercourse has brought a new era of prosperity to all sections of the coast, but especially to the area served by the two outports. The most significant change in the distributional pattern of export forelands has been the development of a large commodity flow to Asian markets, the logical destinations for export shipments from the Port of British Columbia. For the first time since 1920, trade with Pacific countries has exceeded that shipped through the Panama Canal. There is every reason to conclude that the positive trend of the post-war period will be continued over the next decade. Each of the export commodities, investigated in this study, exhibits a common growth potential, and in the future, as in the past, the Port of British Columbia will play an important role in the transportation of these exports to foreign markets. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

An exploration of public policy towards the habitual criminal by the Vancouver City Prosecutor's Office and the courts of criminal jurisdiction serving the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, as shown by the numbers and kinds of offenders being prosecuted in these courts as habitual criminals and sentenced to preventive detention. The material presented was derived from a review of the literature in the field, including the applicable legislation, reports of governmental investigative committees and parliamentary debates, newspaper articles and editorials, and interviews with staff of the city prosecutor's office, several criminal attorneys, and personnel of the British Columbia Penitentiary, Oakalla Prison and the John Howard Society. If the rate at which sentences of preventive detention are being obtained against persistent offenders through the Vancouver courts continues, inmates serving this indeterminate sentence will soon comprise a major segment of the inmate population of the British Columbia Penitentiary; a development neither the penitentiary program, the National Parole Service, or the John Howard Society are equipped to deal with effectively or constructively through existing program, services or staff. Means whereby this situation might be met are explored. This study constitutes the first organized effort to explore and present the various aspects of this problem in the local context and from the standpoint of legislation, law enforcement, the judicial correctional processes involved, and the resources available to meet the problem. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Algal collections from eight lakes in southwestern British Columbia have been examined. The desmid flora consists of 205 species and 44 varieties in 26 genera. Two genera, Spino-closterium and Spinocosmarium, and several species of other genera, are reported for the first time from British Columbia. Seasonal changes in the abundance and kinds of desmids occurring in collections are noted. Cultural studies on the variability of Triploceras gracile and T. verticillaturn were undertaken to determine the validity of subspecific characters used in the genus. These studies showed that the apical radiation of the semicell (the number of lobes at the end of the semicell) can vary from biradiate (2-lobed) to quadriradiate (4-lobed) within a single clone. Thus in the genus this character must be discarded as a taxonomic criterion. The morphology of the protuberances of the semicells was constant in both species, and is a useful subspecific character. A number of abnormal forms occurred in cultures but were not observed in field collections. The nuclear cytology of Triploceras was investigated. T. verticillaturn has the largest chromosomes yet reported for the Desmidiaceae, almost 20 u in length measured at late prophase in colchicine treated cells. The chromosome number for this species is n = 15-20. The chromosomes of T. gracile are smaller, but no chromosome counts were obtained for this species. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Autumnal and over-winter limnological conditions in Marquette, Corbett and Courtney Lakes in British Columbia were followed monthly from autumn, 1961, to spring, 1964, and some additional data were collected in winter, 1965. Indices of productivity for summer and winter conditions suggest that Courtney Lake is most productive, Marquette Lake least productive and Corbett Lake intermediate. Although over-winter mortality of fishes would be, expected to occur in Courtney Lake it has not been observed there whereas in Marquette and Corbett Lakes it frequently occurs. Marquette and Corbett Lakes were sharply stratified in summer because local topography provided protection from wind action whereas stratification in the more exposed Courtney Lake was ill-defined. Average wind velocities on Courtney Lake were 4.3 times greater and more unidirectional than those on Corbett Lake. Marquette Lake was subject to wind action similar to that of Corbett Lake. To test the hypothesis that winter limnological differences between Courtney and Corbett Lakes were due to insufficient autumnal circulation, Corbett Lake was experimentally circulated. Autumnal circulation in Courtney Lake was complete and resulted in over-winter survival of Salmo gairdneri and Richardsonius balteatus. Incomplete autumnal circulation and oxygenation in Corbett and Marquette Lakes resulted in over-winter mortality of Salmo gairdneri and Salvelinus fontinalis. In order to experimentally examine causes for the limnological differences between the lakes, Corbett Lake was artificially circulated. A compressed air "bubbler system" comprised of a submerged circles(circumference = 726 m) of plastic pipe and an air compressor was used to circulate Corbett Lake in the autumn of 1962 and 1963. The results of the experimental circulation of Corbett Lake compared to the limnological conditions in the "control" lakes, confirmed the original hypothesis. Below average snow fall in 1962-63 resulted indirectly in anomalous dissolved oxygen values (supersaturation). Consequently the expected over-winter mortalities of fishes in Marquette Lake did not occur whereas the expected winter mortalities did occur in 1961-62 and 1963-64. Winter light penetration and intensity in Corbett Lake was correlated with differences in snowfall between years. Light penetration and intensity differed considerably between lakes when snow and ice conditions were about equal (1965) because of differences in water quality. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

[No abstract available] / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

It is the purpose of this study to examine the development of the electricity industry in British Columbia from its beginnings in 1883 until 1961, in order to see what relationship exists between this development and technological change; new uses of electricity; the part played by government; and the economic growth of the province. The study is divided by approximate growth periods and within each there is some description of major electric facilities; an examination of these in relationship to the factors listed above; and some assessment of the causes and consequences of the total development. Electric generating capacity has grown from zero in 1883 to over three million kilowatts in 1961. The increase was rapid until 1931 and then slackened off during the Depression. New plants were being scheduled when the shortages of labour and materials causes by World War II forced utilities to halt construction. New construction began immediately after the War, and at such an increased rate that over four-and-a-half times as much generating plant was added between 1945 and 1961 as was built in the preceding years. Technology has never been a decisive feature for generating plants and transmission lines in British Columbia. Larger and more efficient stations were always developed before they were needed. Transmission line technology also advanced with the need for longer lines at higher voltages. Government, both municipal and provincial, played an important role in the growth of the electricity industry in British Columbia. Municipalities were often responsible for introducing electric power into a community. It was only when the demands for power increased beyond the capability of the local power plant that some of these communities were forced either to sell the plant to a larger utility or to close the generating plant and purchase power from a larger producer. In 1944 the provincial government became involved in the electricity industry. Because the population of the province was small and consequently the number of customers few and scattered, there were many small generating plants and long transmission lines. This meant a high cost per customer. In order to overcome this to some extent and also to provide more rural electrification, the B.C. Power Commission was set up by the government. Expansion followed. Between 1945 and 1961 several of the major undeveloped water resources had been studied with a view to large scale hydro-electric development. Only the Kitimat - Kemano project materialized. However, in order to guarantee a major market for power from at least one more of these resources, the provincial government, in 1961, expropriated the B.C. Electric Company. This was, in 1962, amalgamated with the other provincial power agency to form the B.C. Hydro and Power Authority. Demand for electricity did not always keep pace with the generating capability. During the nineteen-twenties there was a wide gap between capacity and actual generation. This reflected, primarily, the larger scale construction programme being carried on. Also, because most of the customers of the municipal and private utilities were residential or commercial, the load factors were low; there was a great difference between the base and peak load. Since there had to be sufficient capacity to cover the peak load, it meant that there was idle plant during much of the time. Load factors increased during the 1930 to 1944 period as there was little new construction. The population grew and, after the early days of the depression, consumption per capita increased. That the capacity added after the War was needed is evinced in the fact that load factors remained quite high. Indeed, with expanded industrial production, higher labour income and new uses for electricity, consumption per capita increased so that in 1961 it was three times what it was in 1945; while residential consumption was almost five times what it had been. It was stated that the purpose of this study was to examine the relationships, if any, between the development of the electricity industry and technological change, new uses of electricity, the part played by government, and economic growth. New technology, while allowing for expansion in the electricity industry, has never been a decisive factor. However, throughout the study it is apparent that distinct relationships do exist between the development of the electricity industry and governmental action, new means of using electric power and economic growth. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate