Urbanization in British Columbia has generally occurred by way of two processes. It has either occurred in relation to the establishment of a single enterprise community in the resource frontier, or, it has occurred in relation to the growth of established municipalities in which previously non urban areas surrounding established municipalities have become urbanized. The urbanization of previously rural areas has, in most cases, resulted in the need for basic municipal services as well as an institutional structure to administer these services and to provide a basic public decision-making structure in the community. Although in the case of single enterprise communities the Provincial Government has followed a definite policy in the implementation of an institutional structure in these communities, no definite policy has been achieved for the implementation of such a structure in what have become known as peripheral communities. These communities have been permitted to follow a number of alternate mechanisms for the provision and administration of services although incorporation under the Municipal Act or the Water Act has generally been viewed by these communities as the only viable mechanism for (i) the provision and administration of services and (ii) the implementation of a public decision making structure in the community. The investigation of one community's attempt to incorporate under both the Municipal Act and the Water Act revealed that the present incorporation process as it is presented in the Municipal Act and as it is prescribed by the Water Rights Branch is not as effective as it might be. This ineffectiveness was found to derive from two sources. The first of these sources was found to be the inflexibility of the corporate forms permitted under both the Municipal Act and the Water Act. In terms of the incorporation process as outlined in the Municipal Act it was found that the population criteria as well as obligations which are established for each municipal form deterred communities from assuming a local government structure for the reason that although communities had a sufficient population level, they were unable to financially support a local government structure of the type outlined in the Municipal Act. In terms of the incorporation process for water improvement districts a similar inflexibility was discerned although this inflexibility did not derive from the Water Act per se but, resulted from the interpretation of the Water Act by the Water Rights Branch and the Department of Municipal Affairs. These two agencies viewed water improvement districts as corporate bodies with only limited objects and powers. Consequently, communities wishing to incorporate under the Water Act for the exercise of a number of objects are deterred from assuming the status of water Improvement district. A second reason for the ineffectiveness of the incorporation process was found to be the lack of communication between the agencies entrusted with the incorporation process and the communities wishing to incorporate. It was found that this lack of communication resulted in (i) the failure of the agencies to perceive the institutional needs of these communities and (ii) the failure of communities to meet standard and act according to established procedures. To remedy the deficiencies of the present incorporation process, it is proposed that the incorporation process be made a "communicative" process which entails basically a three phase process. In the first phase known as the initiation phase, the community approaches the relevant agency and makes evident its need for a local government structure. In the second phase, known as the design phase, the community and the agency engage in a process of evolving a design which would best suit the institutional needs of the community. In the third phase, known as the incorporation phase, the incorporation of the community takes place. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

At the turn of the century, socialist groups of several different hues were active in British Columbia. Out of this variegated skein emerged the Socialist Party of Canada. For almost two decades it dominated left-wing politics in B.C., wielding extensive power in the labour movement and leaving behind it an ideological legacy which eventually filtered into the fledgling CCF. This study documents the conditions which led to the SPC's ascendancy, discusses its relationship with the early labour movement and examines the extent of Marxist influence on later socialist developments in the province. The dissertation employs an historical approach, supplementing library resources with correspondence and interviews with members of the old SPC. When reformist attempts of the late nineteenth century failed to improve conditions for the B.C. worker, labourism lost out to radicalism. The SPC was national in name only, for its doctrinaire Marxism evoked a significant response only in the unique political, industrial and social milieu of British Columbia. The rapid resource exploitation which gave rise to empires early in the province's history created a classical Marxist situation in some areas. The absence of party alignments in the early years of socialist activity, plus a following of radical immigrants from Britain, the U.S., and eastern Canada afforded the Marxists a large audience to which they addressed themselves with tireless propaganda efforts. Many SPC members were active in the labour movement as well, and were able to prevent the formation of a labour party for many years. When other parties finally did form with labour support, they were much farther to the left than were earlier labour parties. In large part this was due to the ambitious education program which characterized the socialist movement from its inception and ultimately became the Marxist's chief raison d'etre. Candidates were run solely for educational purposes. Once elected, however, SPC legislators found themselves in a balance of power position for a time and consequently their legislative accomplishments were considerable. The failure to adapt to Marxist theory to changing B.C. circumstances ultimately cost the Party credibility. Unable to withstand internal pressures or to respond to the political challenges of World War I, inflation, conscription, labour unrest, and the Russian Revolution, the SPC was gradually replaced by other groups on the left. However, the Party's adherence to a one-plank no-compromise platform did preserve the Marxist ideal in the province for later socialist groups. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Initial strontium isotopic ratios have contributed much to our understanding of the chemical, and related tectonic, evolution of the earth. Improved analytical techniques have recently provided a flood of precise strontium analyses which are very useful in the determination of the genesis of various rocks. The theories of sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics have prompted a new interpretation of the earth's chemical evolution, based on the tracer properties of radiogenic strontium. Strontium isotopic ratios are considered for rocks of various composition, environment and age: stony meteorites, oceanic and continental basalts, island arc and andesitic volcanics, anorthosites, carbonatites and alkaline intrusives, and granitic and sedimentary rocks. Special emphasis is placed on ultramafic rocks, believed in some circumstances to provide direct samples of the mantle regions of the earth. Here the rubidium-strontium geochemistry is studied for the different petrogenetic categories: oceanic ultramafics, alpine-type intrusions, concentrically-zoned bodies, nodules in alkali basalts and in kimberlites, and the layered ultramafic zones in major intrusions. Patterns revealed by the strontium distribution lead to a unique definition of the major chemical systems of the earth. These systems, and the ranges of their characteristic present-day Sr87/Sr86 ratios are: the lower (deep) mantle (0.701 to 0.703), the oceanic upper mantle (0.707 to 0.715), the continental upper mantle (0.703 to 0.706), and the continental crust (0.701 to 0.703+). The source of all surface magmatic rocks can be attributed to one or a combination of these reservoirs. Several mechanisms are proposed for the transfer of material from the internal to surface systems. A model, together with a computer-plot, is presented for radiogenic strontium evolution in the earth's major chemical systems. It includes the following present-day conditions: (1) an alpine-type ultramafic zone constituting primarily the oceanic, rather than the continental, upper mantle; (2) a common deep-mantle source for both oceanic tholeiitic and alkaline basalts; and (3) the possibility of at least two, and perhaps three, distinct reservoirs contributing to igneous activity from directly below the continental crust. A rubidium-strontium geochemical study was undertaken for the Shulaps Range and other ultramafic bodies in and near southwestern British Columbia. The Shulaps rocks, predominantly serpentinized harzburgites, yield Rb and Sr concentrations averaging 0.2 ppm and 4.2 ppm respectively, as determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis. The corresponding Rb/Sr ratio of 0.05 is fairly typical of alpine-type intrusions. Mass spectrometer analysis gives an average Sr87/Sr86 ratio of 0.7064 for these whole-rocks. This is just slightly below the range which is normally observed for alpine-type ultramafic bodies and which is believed to represent the oceanic upper mantle system. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Information is needed to help forest managers reduce the visual impact of timber management where the public's image of the landscape may be disrupted. Visual impact magnitude may be assessed by extent of deviation from the characteristic landscape. From analysis of 43 visual impacts in the Windermere Public Sustained Yield Unit (P.S.Y.U.) in south-eastern British Columbia, and from selected literature, the independent and interacting visual effects of seventy timber management practices are identified, and rated as inevident, subordinate, or dominant in comparison with visual elements of the landscape. The visual effect of a given practice in a given forest landscape type is predictable with detailed knowledge of both, in most cases. The visual impact magnitude of a timber: management activity can be predicted from the number of most negative visual effects caused by the combination of management practices used. Practices introducing low visual effects or cancelling those of other practices are identified as landscape design tools. Use of landscape design tools is generally compatible with other forest environmental management aims, though exceptions of local importance are foreseen. Forest administration in British Columbia needs to be modified to accommodate visual constraints on timber management. In a case study in the Cartwright Lakes/Steamboat Mountain area in the Windermere P.S.Y.U., the costs of using design tools instead of conventional practices are estimated in three potential logging sites. Lower visual impact magnitudes can be achieved using common logging systems without significant cost increases, where some timber is left between settings in visually critical sites. Unconventional logging systems can raise or lower costs with or without visual constraints, but use as design tools may reduce extra costs on land that is costly to log. With government cut and leave policy and restrictions on logging methods, use of landscape design tools in high priority sites can have negligible cost increases, but it is not known how widely the case study conditions occur elsewhere. A procedure for visual impact planning is advanced, comprising analysis of biophysical and viewing conditions, identification of forest landscape types and visual objectives and selection of design tools to fit them, detailed planning of visual impacts, and graphic prediction of the outcome. Continuing research is needed to substantiate the study findings, and priorities are suggested. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

In the spring of 1973 continuous horizontal measurements were made of temperature, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll a. in British Columbia coastal waters. The sampling procedure involved a towed pumping system and on-board instrumentation. An effort is made to describe the distributions of the measured parameters with particular emphasis on the smaller scales, less than 250 m. To this end, techniques of power spectral analysis were utilized to examine the data. Results show that there is variability in the nature of the distributions and that the relatedness of the parameters is not consistent, but that on average different experiments show similarities. It appears that to a large extent the distribution of chlorophyll a in an estuarine environment is related to physical transport processes. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Talus slopes were investigated in a process-material-response framework. The work was concerned with clarifying concepts and terminology concerning slopes of granular materials and interpreting talus slope angles in the light of this clarification; verifying this interpretation in a field investigation; and seeking statistical relationships between talus slope angle and material properties. Field investigations were carried out in South West British Columbia. Slopes were investigated in the southern Coast Mountains and. in the Similkameen Valley. Theoretical concepts relating to slopes in granular material were discussed. Two angles of repose were distinguished; a peak angle of accumulation (α[sub c]) defined as the steepest angle attainable by a mass of granular material, and a lower angle, the angle of repose (α[sub r]) to which the material slides after failure. α[sub c] and α[sub r] were related to concepts of shear resistance and the angle of internal friction (0); α[sub c] was linked to 0 and α[sub r] was thought to correspond to the residual angle of internal friction for a given material. α[sub c] and α[sub r] were related through a regression equation of the form; α[sub c] = -3.29 + 1.273 (α[sub r]) These concepts were examined with reference to talus slope form and some of the contradictions in the literature were presented. The characteristic and limiting slope angles noted in review were found to correspond to α[sub r] and α[sub c] respectively for talus material. This correspondence gave rise to the supply induced transformation hypothesis which appeared to provide a suitable transformation model for rock-fall talus. The relationship between material properties and slope angle was examined using parametric multivariate statistics. Significant correlations, at the 99% level, were obtained between segment angle and size (inverse) and segment angle and sorting (direct). At the 95% level significant correlations were found between segment angle and sphericity (inverse) and Zingg's Flatness Ratio (direct). In multiple regression analysis only 37.11% of the variation in slope angle was accounted for by material properties (sorting and the variance in Zingg's Elongation Ratio) at the 95% level of significance. Shape factors contribute very little to the explained variance whilst fabric related variables contribute nothing. Implications of these results for talus slope development were discussed. Rockfall talus slopes subject to supply-induced transformation processes are thought to have a distinctive morphology which may be an explanation for the typical profile concavity noted on such slopes. Determinants on the frequency of talus slides were examined. The problem of the basal layer cannot be ignored in a consideration of talus slope development models. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

K-Ar biotite ages and Rb-3r mineral isochron ages indicate that a 55 m. yr. old Tertiary thermal event has affected the rocks of the Clachnacudainn Salient of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex. An attempt was made to date the Clachnacudainn Gneiss by the Rb-Sr whole rock method. It was hoped that this study would provide some insight into the problem of determining the origin of the gneiss. However, the data shows considerable scatter with no systematic pattern to it. This, together with petrographic evidence, suggests that the closed system assumption has not been maintained. Thus no isochron could be determined. Several suggestions are presented to account for the scatter in the data. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The term business government describes the principles of public administration which the Conservative party attempted to implement between 1928 and 1933 during its tenure as the government of British Columbia. In general, business government meant that the province's elected officials would apply the same principles in attending to the public's financial business that a private enterprise would employ in its affairs. Implicit, too, in this notion was the Conservative commitment to emphasize those policies that served the interests of the province's business community at the expense of social welfare programs. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the elements in the Conservative business government philosophy and to assess its impact during this period. Analysis of the relations between the Conservative government, its business clientele, and the Liberal opposition is crucial in order to understand and assess the impact of the business government program. Chapter I therefore describes the attitudes of influential businessmen in Vancouver and Victoria towards the economy and the government's legitimate responsibilities in relationship to it. This is followed in Chapter II by a similar discussion of the Conservatives' business government philosophy as reflected in actual government policy, and an assessment of the somewhat different philosophy concerning the role of government espoused by the Liberals. Chapter III relates the financial difficulties which the Conservative government encountered as a result of the depression, and the nature of the business government remedies offered in response to the slump. Chapter IV outlines how a coalition of the corporate business elites in Vancouver and Victoria successfully agitated for the appointment of a businessman's inquiry into the public finances, the Kidd Commission, and through it pressed for the implementation of a more extreme version of the business government solution. Finally, Chapter V analyzes the fragmentation of the Conservative government after the Kidd Report, the coincident rise of the CCF as a socialist alternative to business government, and the victory of the more moderate reform Liberalism of T. D. Pattullo in the election of 1933. The main conclusion of the thesis is that business government, as articulated by the Conservative government and the prominent business spokesmen of the period, was acceptable to the electorate only so long as the economy remained buoyant. Once the depression became pronounced the weaknesses in the business government approach became manifest, especially to those who were most in need of government assistance. According to the tenets of business government philosophy, governments could play but a limited role in stimulating recovery, and therefore they should restrict their activities to balancing the budget through ruthless economies in order to preserve the province's credit. The election of 1933 indicates that the electorate rejected this business government response in favour of the platforms of the Liberals and the CCF which promised a more interventionist state to provide more generous social welfare benefits and the experimental monetary and fiscal policies that appeared necessary to induce recovery. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Having made the fundamental assumption that policy administration can be viewed as a process the question is then raised: In what ways and to what extent does the administrative process affect forest resource use policies in British Columbia? It is noted that the three basic policy principles have been since early this century: (i) public ownership of forest lands; (ii) a return to the Provincial Treasury of a proportion of the wealth of the forests as it accrues; and, (iii) extension of the useful life of the forests for the benefit of future generations. Using as a principle data source a large body of statutes, administrative documents and evidence and reports of commissions of inquiry accumulated during the past seventy-five years the thesis focuses on the administrative process with respect to three major aspects of forest resource policies in British Columbia. They are: land tenure systems, sustained-yield management of forest areas and royalty and stumpage assessment methods. The research confirms the validity of the basic assumption. In response to the above question several major points are made. Provincial land ownership policies and their administration have been significant in directing forest resource use administration and have had the affect of obscuring forest resource use policy principles themselves. With respect to the sustained-yield management programme in British Columbia the administrative process has affected forest resource use policies by giving administrative definitions to some of the basic terms used in the initial policy formulations. In the area of royalty and stumpage assessments methods it was found that administrative feasibility, which has been especially influenced by forest technology, has been a significant factor in determining the ends actually pursued by the administrative system and thus formally stated policy objectives have been modified. Overall the affect of the administrative process on forest resource use policies in British Columbia has been widespread and far reaching. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

The full history of the early East Indian community in British Columbia has yet to be written. Here an attempt has been made to assemble the information relating to some aspects of the community's origins and development between 1904 and 1914, the first decade of their presence in Canada. This thesis also attempts to examine the structural position of the East Indian community and its lack of integration into and acceptance by the host society. Four major factors influencing the nature of development of the East Indian community were examined in detail: the socio-economic background of the East Indian immigrants, the nature of institutional developments in the nascent community in British Columbia, the attitudes and perceptions of the host society, and the political responses of the Dominion and Imperial governments to Indian immigration. Intensive, as opposed to extensive examination of these factors dictated the adoption of a thematic rather than a chronological approach. The methodology employed was interdisciplinary in nature, utilizing theoretical material drawn from the disciplines of sociology and anthropology. It was found that the East Indian community was an alienated ethnic group which lived on the social fringes of the host society. Integration and acceptance of the East Indians did not take place as a result of vast differences in the cultures and institutions of their country of origin and the host society, but more importantly, because the immigrants themselves did not want to integrate. The East Indians were sojourners who hoped to return to India in their old age to enjoy the wealth they had acquired abroad. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate