In an attempt to look at the question of juvenile delinquency, an exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken to examine the relationship between selected social factors and the disposition by the court of the cases of female juveniles in the province of British Columbia. The study population consisted of 499 cases which appeared before the British Columbia courts in the year of 1966. This figure includes all female juvenile offenders with the exception of Vancouver where a sample population was selected. Data was collected from the Dominion Bureau of Vital Statistics, Form 3, 1966, coded and computerized in an attempt to correlate specific variables. The resulting univariate and bivariate tables were examined and certain conclusions were drawn. An important factor which must be taken into account, along with other difficulties, in considering such conclusions, was the inadequacy of available statistical data. Despite these limitations, it was found: that generally the disposition was appropriate to the offense; that older offenders were more frequently fined or required to make restitution; that the majority of fathers' occupations tended to fall into the lower socio-economic strata; and that dispositions involving loss of liberty were more likely to be imposed on children whose fathers were in the lower strata. Of interest were the findings which indicated that some current and popular assumptions regarding causative factors in juvenile delinquency were not supported by this study. With full knowledge that the hypothesis has not been conclusively proven, we hope that the merits of this study will encourage others, interested in this field or juvenile delinquency, to expand on the framework provided herein. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Zoning is a municipal land use control adopted to protect the public health, safety, general welfare and to provide the economic, social and aesthetic advantages resulting from the orderly planned use of available land» The concept of zoning has changed from a simple restriction to certain uses of land, to a key technique in the implementation of municipal planning policy. Logically the progress of a municipal plan would depend on how strictly its zoning by-law and other regulations are enforced; however, in some instances the strict enforcement of these regulations may cause undue or unnecessary hardship to the owner of a property. Just as the Chancellor's Courts arose in England in order to provide individual justice in cases where the harsh and universal mandates of the common law caused obvious hardship, the Zoning Board of Appeal has been created in order to provide flexibility in the administration of the zoning by-law, where its strict enforcement would cause undue or unnecessary hardship. Zoning enabling legislation provides some standards which are intended to guide a Zoning Board of Appeal in its operation; however the statutory standards specified under the enabling legislation for determination of "undue or unnecessary hardship" and the directions for issuance of the "Notice of Hearing" are vague. The enabling legislation does not indicate the details to be included in the "Notice of Hearing" or the details of information required in a "Notice of Appeal". In addition to the deficiencies of the legislation there generally exists an inadequate relationship between a Zoning Board of Appeal and its respective municipal planning department. The members of the Board are not supplied with adequate information about the zoning and planning objectives of the municipality. They do not feel concerned about such information and tend to confine themselves to the zoning by-law and to make decisions without full understand of the planning context; as such, their decisions tend to be inconsistent with the zoning and planning objectives of the municipality. The hypothesis is advanced that "a positive statement of zoning objectives and planning principles together with a uniform set of procedures to be followed by the Zoning Board of Appeal is necessary for effective implementation of municipal planning policy". Following a review of the traditional and contemporary concepts of zoning and planning, a Case Study is conducted to explore reasons for inconsistencies in the decisions of the Zoning Board of Appeal. For the Case Study three Zoning Boards of Appeal in the Vancouver Metropolitan Area of British Columbia are selected. The conclusions drawn from the Case Study together with observations based on a review of the contemporary experience provide evidence that members of the Zoning Boards of Appeal are not provided with a positive statement of zoning objectives and planning principles. Because of ambiguities in the enabling legislation and lack of definition of standards and format, every Zoning Board of Appeal tends to follow inconsistent procedure in its operation. It is also observed that the members of the Zoning Boards of Appeal are not appraised of the potential impact of their decisions, a situation which can work both ways, that is, it may help in the implementation of municipal planning policy or alternatively it may cause obstructions by granting incompatible relaxations. Investigation of the hypothesis has provided a needed focus in reviewing the position of the Zoning Board of Appeal in the implementation of municipal planning policy. It is concluded that the hypothesis appears to be a reasonable and practical solution for making the Zoning Board of Appeal an effective tool in the implementation of municipal planning policy. Certain feasible legislative and administrative improvements are recommended and a method of implementation of these recommendations at the provincial and municipal levels of government is suggested. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The retail sections of central business districts of municipalities of British Columbia have a low degree of retail compatibility. Many unrelated commercial and other land uses that exist within the prime retail areas of central business districts weaken the degree of retail compatibility of the prime retail areas. The hypothesis of this study is that planning measures can and should be taken to improve the low degree of retail land use compatibility existing in the central business districts of municipalities in British Columbia. The need for study of this subject is justified on the basis of the importance and concern placed on central business districts. The improvement of a central business district must include the improvement of the retail section which comprises a vital component of any central business district. The decline of the shopping function in central business districts has been the cause of serious concern to planning and city officials alike, and needless to say, to the affected retailers as well. The convenience factor can be increased appreciably in a retail area which is planned or partially redeveloped to increase the degree of retail land use compatibility. Similarly, the tax base of the municipality would be improved because of the increased viability due to greater retail compatibility in the central business district. The central business districts of the three municipalities of Duncan, Grand Forks, and Castlegar in British Columbia are investigated in the study. It is shown that the degrees of retail compatibility in the central business districts of the three municipalities are poor. The main objectives of the study are to identify and analyze certain planning measures which could be implemented to improve the degree of retail compatibility. The reclassification of the widely-permissive general business type of zoning category is desirable in order to improve retail compatibility. The objective of reclassification is to direct the grouping together of compatible retail land uses, as well as other commercial uses commonly found in central business districts. On the basis of analysis of the attitudes of the three municipal councils, it is concluded that reclassification is politically feasible and it is strongly recommended that reclassification to be seriously considered by planning agencies for recommendation to their respective councils. The elimination of nonconforming uses that constitute "dead spots" in the retail areas of central business districts is urged strongly. It is revealed that this problem has been neglected to date by the selected municipal councils as reflected by the lack of enforcement of the statutes of the British Columbia Municipal Act to control or eliminate nonconforming uses. It is suggested that amortization approach to eliminate nonconforming uses which is used in parts of the United States should be added to the British Columbia Municipal Act. It is suggested that it is necessary for the municipal councils to review their policies in relation to reclassification of general commercial zones and in relation to the elimination of "dead spots"' within a comprehensive central business district planning program. The use of Federal Urban Renewal Legislation to improve commercial areas is a distinct possibility to achieve a higher degree of retail compatibility. It is recommended that the objectives of a central business district urban renewal scheme should coincide with the objectives of a comprehensive central business district planning program. The inclusion of a scheme to improve retail compatibility within a central business district renewal scheme appears to be politically acceptable. Also, the potentially affected retailers appear to be in favor of schemes to improve retail compatibility. It is concluded that planning measures can and could be taken to improve the low degree of retail land use compatibility existing in the central business districts of municipalities in British Columbia. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

In 1960, the Home for the Aged, an institution of the Province of British Columbia, underwent an official name change to Valleyview Hospital. The change in name indicated a change in the philosophy toward the treatment of the aged mentally ill person. This change can be equated with new knowledge about the physical, psychological and social aspects of aging. Formerly the program and the goal were related to custodial care; now, the program and the goal are related to treatment which will result in the aged mentally ill patient returning to a living arrangement in the community that is most appropriate to his needs. This study, cites the problems of aged people in this province, with particular reference to problems of mental illness. The process of admission to hospital, treatment programs and discharge procedures, particularly as they relate to the work of the Social Service Department, are described. Against this background of procedures, the particular criteria for discharge and rehabilitation planning, as related to the hospital and to the resources available in the community are examined. Particular patient groups are noted in relationship to the particular resource required to receive them back into community. The study reveals that, although, using hospital criteria for discharge, a large number of patients could be appropriately rehabilitated, but sufficient community resources, including family care, boarding and nursing homes, are lacking for such patients. Furthermore, community attitudes towards the aged mentally ill person have not changed to meet the new philosophy about their treatment in Valleyview Hospital. Since correspondence revealed that Valleyview Hospital is unique amongst mental hospitals for the aged on this continent, the study was of necessity a pilot one, and is primarily descriptive. However, the questionnaire method was used to gather data about existing living accommodation available to discharged patients. Finally, the study offers some suggestions for improvement and expansion of community resources, and of legislation concerning them which, if carried out, would ensure, to a greater extent, that the philosophy of treatment and rehabilitation, rather than custodial care, could be translated into practice. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Moorhouse, Clayton Herbert Todd; Starak, Igor / Graduate

This year, the School of Social Work of the University of British Columbia initiated a fieldwork placement for a second year community organization student with the Indian Affairs Branch, Department of Citizenship and Immigration. The community directly concerned with the placement was the Musqueam Indian Reserve. This placement made it possible for the writer to made a study of this community. The community organization practitioner is very often faced with the problem of conducting community studies with no simple model which he can use. This has led to a variety of approaches, for example, studies whose focus has been on the various aspects of the community such as its ecology, its power structure, its demography, the interaction of the local people, and its behaviour pattern and belief systems. The weakness in the use of any one of these approaches exclusive of the others is that only one aspect of the community is studied, and this is often done as if the community studied existed independently of the larger society of which it is a part. Furthermore, the results gained from most of these type of studies cannot be applied profitably as a guide in studying a different community. This has been an analytic study, and the approach used has been based on a model suggested by Warren in his book The Community in America. His definition of the community as "that combination of social units and systems which perform the major social functions of locality-relevance" is used in this study, and the focus of analysis is the type of systematic relationship of the people and organizations in the local community and in the extra-community. This approach was chosen because it is assumed that it can be used in studying any type of community, regardless of its geographic location and size. It is hypothesized that the Musqueam community has problems, and that this method of social systems analysis can be used to indicate where the weaknesses lie in the community's horizontal pattern. The material on Musqueam's social systems which was gathered by the writer was organized under the five major functions of locality-relevance. This material was assembled from various sources: interviews with leaders and representatives of institutions and organizations which have connections with Musqueam, a socio-economic survey of the local community's adult population, attendance at meetings and conferences on Canadian Indians, and examining relevant records and documents of the Indian Affairs Branch. Only Musqueam's social systems which the writer felt have endured through time were selected and described. These were then analysed by making use of the four dimensions in which communities differ in structure and function. The communication process which, according to Warren, is one of the six master processes in which all social systems are constantly involved, was also used for analysis. The analysis by the four dimensions has shown that Musqueam has a very weak horizontal pattern. Analysis of the communication process has shown that lack of adequate communication between social systems in the community has contributed to misunderstanding and ignorance between social systems in both the intracommunity and in the extracommunity, thereby resulting in a weak horizontal pattern. The results of the use of both analytic concepts has indicated that the weakness in Musqueam's horizontal pattern is due mainly to the influence of the extracommunity which is in direct control of most of the intracommunity's social systems. This weakness also has implications for the process of community development which aims at strengthening a community's horizontal pattern. This study has been analytical, however, it has opened some avenues whereby it could be continued either with further analysis or with a diagnostic or clinical enquiry. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

There has been a great deal of concern regarding the extent of criminal behaviour and the effect of criminal behaviour on the criminal and on society generally. There is the general assumption that there are many differences between the female offender and the male offender. At the same time the law and the administration of justice are said to apply equally to both sexes. The dilemma Is partially resolved by an individual approach pursued by the personnel of the various institutions involved—the police officers, the magistrates or judges, the prosecutor, the probation officer, the prison matrons, the parole supervisor and all the people who come in contact with the woman from the time of arrest until the time of release. Many problems remain unsolved. The account of the process confronting the female offender is presented as objectively as possible based on information obtained mainly from interviews with representatives from the various institutions with whom the offender comes in contact; and, also from their records, from annual reports, brochures, Municipal by-laws, Federal and Provincial Statutes and the Criminal Code of Canada. It is an official account as compared to an unofficial account obtained from interviews with the women who are charged with various criminal offences. Statistics, while approximate figures, provide an estimate of the number of women charged with criminal offences and the types of crime in which they are frequently involved. The offences are by law indictable or summary offences, or can be either. Arrests can be made by certain persons under specified conditions. Bail may be granted or refused. The person who has been arrested may be locked in the City Gaol. There are various sentences permitted by law to be administered by the courts. The female offender may receive a suspended sentence. She may be placed on probation. She may be sent to prison at Oakalla or Kingston Penitentiary. Parole may be granted or refused. She obtains a criminal record. A combined individual-group approach to treatment might be more beneficial and have more lasting results than a primarily Individual approach or primarily a group approach. Successful rehabilitation may depend more on a well-informed public than on a sympathetic public made up of people who are willing to "take a chance" on hiring her or renting a room to her. An integrated team applying the problem-solving approach might result in a lower recidivist rate if any or all of the members of the team were made available to the offender when she first becomes arrested and is charged with a criminal offence. The distance must be lessened between the cultural expectations of the individual and the individual's ability to meet those expectations in socially acceptable ways. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The Serb Creek molybdenite property is 26 miles west-northwest of Smithers, B. C. on the northeast flank of the Howson Range of the Coast Range physiographic province. The property lies within an upper mesozonal to lower epizonal batholithic offshoot of the Coast Range Intrusive Complex. Small irregular plutons and a series of northwesterly-striking dykes intrude the batholith. The rocks are quartz monzonitic and, in texture range from coarse-grained granitic to porphyritic. Plots of optic angle against composition show that feldspars are of intermediate structural type indicating an increasingly rapid rate of cooling from the oldest to the youngest intrusive body. This increase in the rate of cooling is ascribed to smaller size of intrusive body with decreasing age. Plots of normative Q:AbOr ratios suggest that, if one believes the magma to have formed by anatexis, high pressures of volatiles, HC1, or of both were present during crystallization. Two general attitudes—N20° W to N^5°w and N75° E--control the emplacement of intrusive bodies, hydrothermal alteration, and, to a large extent, molybdenite mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration and molybdenite mineralization appear to be related to igneous activity because they are closely associated in time and space. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Mining frontiers have rarely attracted the attention of geographers because of the transitory nature of settlement in such areas. However, a more stable pattern of settlement emerges if the area of study is broadened to include the supply centres for the mines and the transportation routes along which the supplies were carried. The permanent impact of mining on settlement occurred in these service centres and along the main transportation routes leading to the mines. This study examines the nature of the permanent impact on British Columbia of the gold rushes which occurred between I858 and 1866. These rushes established a new pattern of settlement which remained until the coming of the railway in 1885, and, later, they acted as guidelines in the development of settlement. The British Columbia frontier was part of a larger frontier which was opened in California in 1848 and spread northward and eastward in the ensuing twenty years. San Francisco early secured a dominant position as the manufacturing centre for this frontier area, and it retained this position throughout the period of the British Columbia gold rushes. As a result, British Columbia remained within San Francisco's hinterland from 1858 to 1885 and most of the gold mined was shipped to the San Francisco Mint to pay for manufactured goods. The main flow of gold arrived when the United States Government was in very great need of gold to hack its borrowing for the conduct of the Civil War. The determination of the Colonial Government of British Columbia to secure political autonomy in spite of economic dependence on the United States led to the construction of costly wagon roads from east to west across the mountain barrier of the Coast ranges. These roads funneled trade from the interior of the Province through the Lower Fraser Valley to New Westminster and Victoria and thus avoided the traditional Columbia fur trade supply routes which lay in United States Territory. The wagon roads inaugurated a new era of transportation, and determined the locations of all important subsequent transportation routes in the southwestern part of Mainland British Columbia. Land was a strong interest among those who arrived in the gold rushes, and, at times, this land interest rivalled their interest in gold. The group of settlements subsequently established in the Lower Fraser Valley formed the nuclei of many present day communities, and the system of land survey which guided some of these early settlements shaped subsequent patterns of transportation. In the Province as a whole the patterns of settlement established between 1858 and 1866 remained substantially the same until the coming of the railway in I885. With the coming of the railway the Province entered a new phase of economic development, but the broad lines of settlement which the gold rushes created remained dominant and today they are still evident in the spatial organization of economic activities. Gold initiated a pattern which was confirmed by the subsequent construction of the trans-continental railway, the growth of the forest industries, and the development of agriculture. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Protostrongylus stilesi, the parenchymal lungworm, has been attributed an important role in the widespread respiratory diseases of the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). This study was conducted to delineate some of the immunologic and non-specific interactions between parasite and host. A procedure was developed for- the immunochemical quantitation of the ovine immunoglobulins IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgM and for the semi-quantitative analysis of IgA. This technique obviated, the preparation of highly specific antisera required for single radial immunodiffusion. The lungworm did not appear to be a significant part of the total antigenic environment of infected animals since no relationship between immunoglobulin levels and parasite activity was detected. Genetic influences were suggested in the levels of IgG(2) which remained at a relatively constant level characteristic of individual animals. The seromucoids were evaluated as correlates of the inflammatory reaction to parasitism. These proteins were useful in detecting changes in parasite activity and bacterial infection. Gastrointestinal disorders associated with severe scouring were accompanied by the disappearance of circulating orosomucoid (α-1 acid glycoprotein). The loss of this low molecular weight protein appeared to be related to vascular leakage. Lungworm infections induced the appearance of homocytotropic antibodies which could be detected in vitro by their ability to sensitize peripheral polymorphonuclear leucocytes for adherence to the larval cuticle. The elution of this antibody from sensitized cells and the inhibition of the adherence reaction with specific antiserum suggested that the reaction was mediated at least partly by IgG(1). The adherence reaction was used to assay homocytotropic activity of serum from infected animals (washed-cell test). This test was correlated with the ability of sera to sensitize skin for anaphylaxis. The effective hypersensitive response, accounting for both sensitizing and blocking activity, was determined by exposing normal cells to larvae in a medium containing serum (decomplemented-serum test). The results of this test paralleled inflammatory changes in parasitized animals, monitored by the levels of serum orosomucoid. Using this method, levels of homocytotropic and blocking antibodies were measured throughout the annual parasite cycle. Preliminary observations indicated that immunogenic inflammation, associated with the "spring rise" and "self cure," resulted from a shift in a dynamic balance between competing antibodies rather than a proportionate increase in homocytotropic activity. The response of peripheral lymphocytes to the presence of larvae or larval extracts was cursorily examined. Although ovine lymphocytes did not respond well enough in culture to draw definitive conclusions, the presence of larval extracts appeared to have a detrimental effect on cell survival and transformation. Even in the presence of EDTA, minute amounts of antibody sensitized lymphocytes for adherence to the larval cuticle. Sera from a wide variety of sources had an inhibitory effect on this reaction. Treatment of larvae with neuraminidase and high concentrations of NaCl engendered improved adherence. This suggested that Protostrongylus had adopted mechanisms similar to the trophoblast or the neoplastic cell which allegedly evade immunologic recognition with a strongly anionic coat. These aspects are discussed in terms of the possible role of Protostrongylus in respiratory diseases of the bighorn sheep, and the exploitation of molecular mechanisms in the control of parasitic diseases. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This descriptive study of campers in Golden Ears, Kokanee Creek, Monck and Bamberton Provincial Parks in British Columbia is based upon 140 on-location personal interviews conducted in the summer of 1967. The clientele have been described in terms of their socio-economic characteristics. Further analysis of the data occurred in testing the hypothesis that there were no statistically significant differences at the five percent level when the variables of age, income, occupation, education and distance from home were compared with a variety of camper needs and preferences. This information may help various agencies concerned with the use of parks to plan educational programs for the park visitor. The study revealed that families were the main users of the four Provincial study parks. The head of the family unit was generally a man possessing some high school education and receiving an annual income of less than $10,000. Most of the respondents visited a succession of Provincial parks while on their camping trips. The tent, as in earlier times, remains the most common form of shelter used by campers. The appeal of a camping holiday was centered mainly on the change of life-style offered by this recreational form. However, campers having a non-professional work background also laid considerable stress on the health and social advantages of camping. The high regard of campers for the Provincial parks interpretation program was made evident by the high percentage of campers who favoured on-site instruction as a preferred means of gaining information about the outdoors. Further confirmation appeared in the expressed wish that some form of the program should be implemented in all of the study parks currently lacking this facility. Continuing education courses with camping content held considerable appeal for the respondents, particularly those under 29 years of age with some university training. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate