With the big improvement of wireless technology, people can get their desired information at any time and any place. Due to communication asymmetry - physical asymmetry and/or information ow asymmetry, broadcast data deliv- ery is rapidly becoming the method of choice for disseminating information from server to clients. The main advantage of broadcast delivery is its scalability: it is independent of the number of users the system is serving. Acharya et al. have proposed the use of a periodic dissemination architecture in the context of mobile systems, called Broadcast Disks. Broadcast Disks can construct a mem- ory hierarchy in which the highest level contains a few items and broadcasts them with high frequency while subsequent levels contain more and more items and broadcast them with less and less frequency. However, based on Acharya et al.'s approach, some broadcast slots may be unused, which resulting in the waste of bandwidth and the increase of access time. Yang has presented a com- plementary approach to solve the empty slots problem, which also reduces the mean access time. However, based on the complementary approach, the dis- tances between slots containing the same page may not be a constant, resulting in an increase of the mean access time. Therefore, in this thesis, we propose two eÆcient broadcast programs to mitigate the above phenomenon and also to solve the empty slots problem. The rst one is a revised version of the com- plementary approach, and the second one is an adaptive approach. Most of the previous approaches assume that each mobile client needs only one data page. However, in many situations, a mobile client might need data of more than one page. Ke has proposed the SNV strategy for query set broadcast scheduling in multiple channels. In the SNV strategy, the data pages of the same query set are put as together as possible and it tries to avoid scheduling two or more pages of one query set at the same time slot of di erent channels. However, there are two disadvantages in the SNV strategy: (1) a data page with high access frequency may be scheduled at a time slot near the end of the broad- cast cycle, which results in the longer access time for requiring the whole query sets; (2) it may extend the number of slots in a certain chain, which results in the wasteness of bandwidth of the other channels. Therefore, we propose an eÆcient broadcast scheduling strategy, the Hybrid Version of the Set-based strategy ( HVS ) to improve these two disadvantages. From our performance analysis and simulation, we show that both our revised version of the com- plementary approach and adaptive approach create smaller number of slots in one broadcast cycle than Acharya et al.'s algorithm and require shorter mean access time than Acharya et al.'s algorithm and the complementary approach. Moreover,from our performance analysis and simulation, we also show that our HVS strategy requires shorter total expected delay access time, and creates smaller number of slots and smaller number of empty slots in one broadcast cycle than the SNV strategy.

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Many television newsrooms are plagued by a lack of professionalism. While the reasons are subject to conjecture, there is widespread belief that much could be done to eliminate the problem in future years by proper training of today's college students majoring in broadcast journalism.The study has shown that few stations are likely to hire new graduates primarily because of their inexperience and what they believe has been inadequate training during undergraduate years.Schools, meanwhile, are well aware of the problem and claim, oftentimes, too much is expected of new graduates. In addition, the cost of new equipment and keeping pace with the rapidly- changing business are two major drawbacks.Broadcasters and educators agree there is a definite lack of communication between the two forces. They also concur that opening lines of communication would probably have a positive effect on undergraduate training programs. But neither side is quite ready to initiate such discussions.The study suggests that news directors and educators get together soon to discuss training and how it might be improved. Since they agree on the importance of a liberal arts program, it could be a starting point for discussion. Such meetings could result in better undergraduate training programs.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of History, June 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of History, June 1999. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

The aim of the study was to investigate whether South African free to air television and radio broadcast audio contains loudness fluctuations that fall outside previously determined limits of listener comfort. This is a relevant aim as consumers often complain about loudness fluctuations in broadcast audio (e.g. “why are the commercials so loud?”). Loudness is an inherently subjective phenomenon that is not only subject to differences in human perception from day to day, but also more specifically by the frequency content, localisation, spatialisation and duration of the audio stimulus. Traditional audio level meters only measure the audio signal or digital samples, and do not take any of these psychoacoustic phenomena into consideration. Broadcast audio has traditionally been regulated by specifying the permitted maximum level (PML) of the signal to avoid overloading the transmitter or over- modulation the broadcast signals. While this is necessary to keep the transmission inside the technical dynamic range of the medium, it does not correspond to the perceived loudness of these signals. With the addition of power dynamic range processing techniques, content producers and broadcasters were now able to raise the average level (and correspondingly the perceived loudness) without affecting the permitted maximum level or the peak level of the signal. Broadcasts were still compliant, but subjectively louder. As this process has not been done uniformly across various stations, and various types of audio, fluctuations occur both between stations, and between different segments on the same station. These fluctuations are the cause of listener complaints. There has been a move in international regulators and broadcasters to make a paradigm shift from peak normalisation to loudness normalisation of broadcast audio content. Limited, to no adoption, of this new paradigm in South African broadcasting is evident. This study provides baseline data of the status quo of South African free to air broadcast audio to investigate whether it contains problematic fluctuations, and therefore whether a move from peak to loudness normalisation could possibly have a positive effect. The study found that generally radio broadcasts suffered from greater and more problematic loudness fluctuations compared to television. Televisions broadcasts differed enough from station to station to cause inter-station loudness fluctuations outside previously determined limits for listener comfort, but not intra-station fluctuations. SABC 2 was found to be the loudest and SABC 3 the softest at this particular testing high-site. Radio broadcasts contained a large proportion of inter-station fluctuations, and while it varied considerably from station to station, each station contains some proportion of intra-station fluctuations. Advertisements were found not to be the loudness programme segment type. It was found that the following segments types were generally the softest to the loudest: talking, advertisements, links (interstitials) and music. Ikwekwezi FM was found to be the loudest station by far, with Lotus FM the softest, with a very wide difference of 13.7LU between their integrated station loudness values. The vast majority of broadcast audio was found to have a loudness range appropriate to the intended platform, but perhaps limited to the range appropriate the lowest common denominator, resulting in signals with high to extreme levels of dynamic compression and peak limiting. The study also provided much greater levels of detail of the nature and extent of all loudness fluctuations, especially for radio loudness data. Additionally, ‘zap testing’ methodology was tested to simulate real-life inter-station fluctuation scenarios, and also found to be an efficient method for extrapolating overall station loudness for a larger set of stations. Finally, the study recommends the paradigm shift from peak to loudness normalisation for all audio content producers and distributors in the country, and suggests the EBU R 128 recommendation as the most viable starting point. / Mini Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Music / Unrestricted

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of determining whether or not the history of cigarette advertising in broadcasting developed a pattern from which a model could be abstracted and applied to other product advertisements deemed "controversial" in broadcasting. The history of broadcast cigarette advertising is analyzed in an attempt to abstract a model, The .assumption is made that this model could be capable of predicting future regulation or elimination of broadcast advertising of controversial products.

This study applies theories of texts and technologies to examine ways in which fan culture and mainstream entertainment media can shape and be shaped by each other through digital interactions and negotiations. Further, it considers ways in which these interactions have potential to foster community building and advocacy efforts beyond the limitations of the screen. The analysis focuses, in particular, on the subject of asexuality as it is represented in BBC's 2010 television series, Sherlock, tracing the multiple ways in which the traditional boundaries between fans and entertainment professionals have been breached as each group works to engage the other while pursuing their separate objectives, including social change, personal and professional acceptance and/or acclaim, and commercial profit. The dissertation traces four distinct but interconnected types/sites of interface among fans, advocates, mainstream media, showrunners, and celebrities, including 1) mainstream media articles related to Sherlock and those officially associated with it; 2) social media; 3) single-owner or small group-operated fan websites; and 4) fan fiction and associated comments. This interdisciplinary project draws on the work of fandom/digital culture scholarship (e.g., Henry Jenkins, Matthew Hills, Paul Boothe) within a broader framework informed by scholars of digital culture and queer and feminist ideologies (e.g., Donna Haraway, Lee Edelmen, Lauren Berlant), as well as emerging scholarship on asexuality, which is informed by queer and feminist perspectives (e.g., Brenda Chu, Julia Decker, Jacinthe Flore).

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