This dissertation explores the consequences of atmospheric dynamics for observations of substellar mass objects (SMOs). Discussed first is the growth of cloud particles of various compositions in brown dwarfs of different surface gravities and effective temperatures. The structure of these objects is calculated with a one-dimensional radiative transfer model. To determine particle sizes, the timescales for microphysical growth processes, including nucleation, coagulation, and coalescence, are compared to the timescale for gravitational sedimentation. The model also allows for sustained uplifting of condensable vapor in convective regions. The results show that particle sizes vary greatly over the range of objects studied. In most cases, clouds on brown dwarfs do not dominate the opacity. Rather, they smooth the emergent spectrum and partially redistribute the radiative energy. The focus then shifts to extrasolar giant planets (EGPs). Results are presented from a three-dimensional model of atmospheric dynamics on the transiting Jupiter-like planet HD 209458b. As a close-in orbiter (known as a “roaster”), HD 209458b is super-heated on its dayside. Due to tidal locking of the interior, the dayside hemisphere faces the star in perpetuity, which leads to very different dynamics than is seen on Jupiter. The flow is characterized by an eastward supersonic jet (u ∼ 4 km s⁻¹) extending from the equator to the mid-latitudes. Temperature contrasts are ∼ 500 K at the photosphere. At 220 mbar, winds blow the hottest regions downstream from the substellar point by ∼ 60°, with direct implications for the infrared light curve. These simulations are extended to the study of carbon chemistry in HD 209458b’s atmosphere by coupling the CO/CH₄ reaction kinetics to the dynamics. Disequilibrium results from slow reaction rates at low temperatures and pressures. Effective vertical quenching near the ∼ 3 bar level leads to uniformly high concentrations of CO at the photosphere, even in cool regions where CH₄ is strongly favored thermodynamically. Observations are underway to detect these signatures of meteorology on HD 209458b and similar planets.

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A normalised cDNA library was constructed from the synganglia of unfed adult <i>R. sanguineus.  </i>Of interest from a drug discovery perspective were ESTs encoding a chitinase enzyme and four transmembrane receptors including two glutamate-gated chloride receptors, a leucokinin-like receptor and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α subunit. The nAChR α subunit was chosen for further study.  This is the first identified full-length arachnid nAChR subunit.  Phylogenetically it is most similar to insect α1 nAChR group and has been called Rsα1.  This subunit is expressed in larval, nymphal and adult stages and within partially fed adult females.  <i>Rsα1 </i>was most abundant in the synganglion and also present in Malpighian tubules and oviduct yet was undetected in the salivary glands and gut tissues.  Using two-electrode voltage clamp in <i>Xenopus laevis </i>oocytes, Rsα1 did not functionally express as a homomer or when co-expressed with the vertebrate chicken β2 subunit using either RNA or DNA.  Chimeric constructs consisting of the tick N-terminal and the transmembrane portion of the <i>D. melanogaster </i>α2 nAChR (Dα2) (Rsα1-Dα2) and vice-versa were prepared.  Responses to acetylcholine were obtained from the Dα2-Rsα1 chimera showing that the Rsα1 nAChR can form a functional pore region.  However, no responses were obtained from the Rsα1-Dα2 chimera.  This preliminary data suggests that the Rsα1 nAChR cannot form a functional ligand binding region when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The present study has proven that the tick synganglion is a rich source of transmembrane receptor targets for exploitation in future drug discovery.

Algae are increasingly being used in human affairs. Alongside with higher volumes, threats for seaweed natural reservoirs and seaweed farming are starting to appear. Epidemics seems a key complication, similar to agriculture and animal aquaculture. However, phycopathologies are much more under documented, and future diseases are currently difficult to foresee. Thus, efforts should be stressed on biodiversity of algal pathogens and algal defense strategies against diseases. This thesis is divided in two parts: the first section comprises Chapters Two and Three, which describe novel algal pathosystems from cell biology and molecular phylogeny perspectives. Chapter Two characterizes the obligate parasite Maullinia braseltonii sp. nov., a phytomyxid infecting Durvillaea (bull kelp) in the Southern hemisphere. Chapter Three reports new records, cell plasticity and epidemiology of the endophyte Laminariocolax aecidioides infecting Lessonia berteroana (huiro negro) in northern Chile. The two hosts aforementioned have commercial importance, and remarkable roles in coastal ecology in temperate marine habitats in the Southern hemisphere. Chapters Four, Five and Six correspond to a second section and describe cellular processes in novel brown algal pathosystems, related with infection and immunity responses. In Chapter Four, using the Macrocystis/Anisolpidium as a model, microscopy evidence indicate that autophagy is a key cellular process used either to help starving pathogen syncytia to survive (controlled) or to kill themselves (abortive), probably induced by the host. Likewise, host autophagy was also widely observed and may be involved in the neutralization of early-stage oomycetes or nutrient recycling to mount defences. Chapter Five shows the results on a screening of ca. 40 strains from different brown algal orders, to phenotype cellular defense markers against two phylogenetic distant pathogens (Anisolpidium ectocarpii and Maullinia ectocarpii). Overall, responses such as cell wall re-arrangements, programmed cell death, autophagy and ROS accumulation were confirmed to be at least partially conserved across different Phaeophycean lineages. Chapter 6 reports a boost on the phlorotannin metabolism in the model brown alga Ectocarpus (e.g. physode formation and polyketide synthase gene expression) after pathogen challenging, suggesting a similar protective role of this molecule as against grazers and deleterious light regimes. Phlorotannins role however needs to be elucidated.

趙欣. / "2009年10月". / "2009 nian 10 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-193). / Abstracts and table of contents in Chinese and English. / Zhao Xin. / 中文摘要 --- p.i / 英文摘要 --- p.ii / 前言 --- p.iv / 目錄 --- p.v / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏宄目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 語料選取 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- 原文簡介 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 譯文簡介 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研宄方法 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- 翻譯中的重譯現象 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- “重譯´ح的概念 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 已有的重譯現象 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- 小結 --- p.27 / Chapter 第二章 --- 分析框架 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- 文本處理過程的五個層面 --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 語音層 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 句法層 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- 語義層 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- 概念整合層 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2 --- 重譯本之間的共性與多元性 --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- 重譯本之間的本土化與外族化傾向 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- 重譯本的相對質量評估 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 豪斯（House 1977)的模式 --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 萊斯（Reiss 1971 / 2000)的模式 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 國内的一些模式 --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- 翻譯過程與譯文質量評估 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.5 --- 小結 --- p.55 / Chapter 第三章 --- 雙語語料平行数據集 --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1 --- 基本概念 --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2 --- 文本切分單位 --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- 建立方法 --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- 数據集中文本句的對照關係 --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5 --- 小結 --- p.79 / Chapter 第四章 --- 重譯本翻譯策略的共性與多元性 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- 朱譯本 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 語音層 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- 人名 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- 地名 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 句法層 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 語義層 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.4.1 --- 詞義 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.4.2 --- 句義 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1.4.3 --- 篇章義 --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- 概念整合層 --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2 --- 尤譯本 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 語音層 --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- 人名 --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- 地名 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- 成語 --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- 方言詞 --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 句法層 --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 語義層 --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- 詞義 --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- 句義 --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- 篇章義 --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- 概念整合層 --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3 --- 重譯本翻譯策略的共性與多元性 --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 數據對比 --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- 語音層 --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- 句法層 --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- 語義層 --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- 概念整合層 --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 共性體現 --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 多元性體現 --- p.134 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 --- p.138 / Chapter 第五章 --- 重譯本的本土化與外族化傾向和質量評估 --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1 --- 重譯本的本土化與外族化傾向 --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- 詞語層 --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- 句法層 --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- 概念整合層 --- p.146 / Chapter 5.2 --- 重譯本的相對質量評估 --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 語音層 --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- 人名 --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- 地名 --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- 句法層 --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- 語義層 --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- 概念整合層 --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- 譯文質量比較結果 --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3 --- 小結 --- p.165 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.167 / Chapter 6.1 --- 重譯本翻譯策略的共性與多元性 --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2 --- 重譯本的本土化與外族化傾向 --- p.170 / Chapter 6.3 --- 重譯本的相對質量評估 --- p.170 / Chapter 6.4 --- 翻譯的認知過程 --- p.172 / Chapter 6.5 --- 小結 --- p.178 / 英文目錄 --- p.181 / 參考文獻 --- p.186 / 附錄(及說明） --- p.194

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Civil ( Especialização em Geotecnia). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009