BIM (Building Information Modeling, por sus siglas en inglés) es una metodología de trabajo multidisciplinario basado en modelos interoperables que mejora la comunicación y el flujo de la información de los stakeholders durante todo el ciclo de vida del proyecto. Esta metodología busca reemplazar a las herramientas tradicionales en el proceso de desarrollo de un proyecto y fomentar la industrialización dentro del sector de la construcción en cada una de sus fases. En este artículo, se brindará un resumen de los beneficios de emplear BIM en cada una de sus dimensiones (BIM-3D, BIM-4D, BIM-5D, BIM-6D y BIM-7D).

abstract: Implementing Building Information Modeling (BIM) in construction projects has many potential benefits, but issues of projects can hinder its realization in practice. Although BIM involves using the technology, more than four-fifths of the recurring issues in current BIM-based construction projects are related to the people and processes (i.e., the non-technological elements of BIM). Therefore, in addition to the technological skills required for using BIM, educators should also prepare university graduates with the non-technological skills required for managing the people and processes of BIM. This research’s objective is to develop a learning module that teaches the non-technological skills for addressing common, people- and process-related, issues in BIM-based construction projects. To achieve this objective, this research outlines the steps taken to create the learning module and identify its impact on a BIM course. The contribution of this research is in the understanding of the pedagogical value of the developed problem-based learning module and documenting the learning module’s development process. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

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Sustainable innovations are observed as a major way by which the ill-effects of the built environment can be avoided or offset. The adoption of innovations are critical to the society, as they pave the way for further incremental or radical innovations, depending on the feedback from their users. In this process, the attributes of an innovation play an important role in its adoption. The objective of this study was to determine whether observability, one of many attributes of innovations identified in the literature as affecting their adoption, plays a critical role in the adoption of sustainable innovations, specifically Rainwater Harvesting Technologies and Strategies (RwHTS). Further, the study aimed to determine whether the use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) resulted in frequent adoption RwHTS. Last but not least, the study also sought to understand how designers used BIM to enhance the acceptance of RwHTS in capital projects. The stakeholders identified for this study were architectural firms that are geographically located in the southeastern states of the United States, and the study was conducted from their perspective. This study was segregated into two major phases. The first phase involved a survey of 2,200 designers/architects located in seven southeastern states, including Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Virginia, Maryland, and District of Columbia. The survey questions targeted experiences associated with the implementation of RwHTS and the use of BIM for designing and constructing facilities over the last decade by the architectural firms. Based on the responses received, six firms were purposively selected for Phase II, which involved a case study approach that included meeting with the designers, conducting interviews, understanding general firm policies for capital projects, identifying factors that result in the adoption of RwHTS, and developing a process-based profile undertaken by the firm to understand how key decisions were made. By the end of this phase the researcher identified the factors that result in the adoption of RwHTS. In addition, the researcher also found that observability did not emerge as an attribute that played a critical role in the adoption of RwHTS, in comparison to the other attributes. The study also found that the current use of BIM did not result in the frequent adoption of RwHTS. Finally, the study was able to produce a generalized process map that depicted the steps undertaken during the design process for the adoption of RwHTS in capital projects. This study encompassed the basic principles of sustainability in the built environment, adoption of innovation, and Building Information Modeling use within the design industry. / Ph. D.

Simulações computacionais são um recurso de grande valia no projeto do edifício, particularmente na área de desempenho ambiental, permitindo predizer fenômenos complexos como desempenho térmico, lumínico, acústico e energético dos edifícios e de seu entorno. O surgimento do BIM (Building Information Modeling ou Modelagem da Informação da Construção), por sua vez, forneceu aos profissionais da indústria da construção novas ferramentas para auxiliar na criação e gestão da informação da construção. Ao combinar um modelo 3D com um banco de dados único do projeto, BIM acaba por reduzir a perda de informação e o retrabalho, permitindo o trabalho colaborativo e aumentando a confiabilidade e rastreabilidade das informações do projeto ao longo do ciclo de vida da construção. Muito antes do BIM, ferramentas de simulação de desempenho do edifício (Building Performance Simulation - BPS, na sigla em inglês) já empregavam modelos 3D, o que significa que especialistas de avaliação ambiental do edifício frequentemente tinham que modelar o edifício - e remodelá-lo cada vez que o projeto fosse alterado - dentro destas ferramentas de modo a executar as análises de desempenho. Neste contexto, a integração entre ferramentas BIM e BPS é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência de uma indústria da construção altamente fragmentada. Nos últimos anos, muitos pesquisadores têm se focado em alcançar tal integração. Este estudo sintetiza as pesquisas nesta questão por meio da revisão sistemática de mais de 250 pesquisas publicadas mundialmente no período de 1991 a 2015. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de um aumento significativo no número de estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, a plena integração entre BIM e BPS é um assunto complexo e continua sendo um desafio. Esta revisão sistemática produziu um diagnóstico abrangente e contribui com pesquisadores por revelar padrões, tendências e lacunas da área de pesquisa, orientando assim futuros esforços de pesquisa. / Computer simulations are a valuable resource in building design, notably in the environmental performance field, enabling designers and engineers to predict complex phenomena such as thermal, lighting, acoustic and energy performance. The emergence of BIM (Building Information Modeling), in turn, provided these professionals with new tools to assist in the creating and managing of building information. By combining a 3D model to a unique project database, BIM ultimately reduces the loss of information and rework, allowing collaborative work and increasing reliability and traceability of the project information throughout the construction lifecycle. Long before BIM, Building Performance Simulation (BPS) tools already employed 3D models, meaning that simulationists frequently had to model the building - and remodel it as many times as the design changed - within these tools in order to run performance analyses. In this context, the integration of BIM and BPS tools is critical to increase efficiency of a highly fragmented construction industry. In the past years, many researchers have been focusing on achieving this integration. This study summarizes research on this topic by systematically reviewing over 250 researches published worldwide from 1991 to 2015. Results show that, despite a significant increase in the number of studies published in the last five years, fully integration between BIM and BPS is a complex subject and remains a challenge. This systematic review produced a comprehensive diagnosis and contributes with researchers by revealing patterns, trends and gaps of the research area, orientating future research efforts.

Simulações computacionais são um recurso de grande valia no projeto do edifício, particularmente na área de desempenho ambiental, permitindo predizer fenômenos complexos como desempenho térmico, lumínico, acústico e energético dos edifícios e de seu entorno. O surgimento do BIM (Building Information Modeling ou Modelagem da Informação da Construção), por sua vez, forneceu aos profissionais da indústria da construção novas ferramentas para auxiliar na criação e gestão da informação da construção. Ao combinar um modelo 3D com um banco de dados único do projeto, BIM acaba por reduzir a perda de informação e o retrabalho, permitindo o trabalho colaborativo e aumentando a confiabilidade e rastreabilidade das informações do projeto ao longo do ciclo de vida da construção. Muito antes do BIM, ferramentas de simulação de desempenho do edifício (Building Performance Simulation - BPS, na sigla em inglês) já empregavam modelos 3D, o que significa que especialistas de avaliação ambiental do edifício frequentemente tinham que modelar o edifício - e remodelá-lo cada vez que o projeto fosse alterado - dentro destas ferramentas de modo a executar as análises de desempenho. Neste contexto, a integração entre ferramentas BIM e BPS é fundamental para aumentar a eficiência de uma indústria da construção altamente fragmentada. Nos últimos anos, muitos pesquisadores têm se focado em alcançar tal integração. Este estudo sintetiza as pesquisas nesta questão por meio da revisão sistemática de mais de 250 pesquisas publicadas mundialmente no período de 1991 a 2015. Os resultados mostram que, apesar de um aumento significativo no número de estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos, a plena integração entre BIM e BPS é um assunto complexo e continua sendo um desafio. Esta revisão sistemática produziu um diagnóstico abrangente e contribui com pesquisadores por revelar padrões, tendências e lacunas da área de pesquisa, orientando assim futuros esforços de pesquisa. / Computer simulations are a valuable resource in building design, notably in the environmental performance field, enabling designers and engineers to predict complex phenomena such as thermal, lighting, acoustic and energy performance. The emergence of BIM (Building Information Modeling), in turn, provided these professionals with new tools to assist in the creating and managing of building information. By combining a 3D model to a unique project database, BIM ultimately reduces the loss of information and rework, allowing collaborative work and increasing reliability and traceability of the project information throughout the construction lifecycle. Long before BIM, Building Performance Simulation (BPS) tools already employed 3D models, meaning that simulationists frequently had to model the building - and remodel it as many times as the design changed - within these tools in order to run performance analyses. In this context, the integration of BIM and BPS tools is critical to increase efficiency of a highly fragmented construction industry. In the past years, many researchers have been focusing on achieving this integration. This study summarizes research on this topic by systematically reviewing over 250 researches published worldwide from 1991 to 2015. Results show that, despite a significant increase in the number of studies published in the last five years, fully integration between BIM and BPS is a complex subject and remains a challenge. This systematic review produced a comprehensive diagnosis and contributes with researchers by revealing patterns, trends and gaps of the research area, orientating future research efforts.

Die Digitalisierung im Bauwesen steht unter der großen Überschrift Building Information Modeling (BIM). Ziel ist es, Software-Unterstützung für den gesamten Lebenszyklus eines Bauwerks zu schaffen, beginnend bei der Planung über die Bauausführung bis hin zu Bewirtschaftung und Rückbau. Im Ergebnis sollen alle Prozesse effektiver und effizienter gestaltet werden, um die Produktivität der Bauwirtschaft signifikant zu erhöhen. Hierbei sind die verschiedenen Software-Lösungen so ausgelegt, dass ein übergreifendes virtuelles Gesamtmodell entsteht, welches die Gebäudefunktion zum Planungszeitpunkt simuliert und zu optimieren erlaubt, die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit fördert und die Kommunikation zwischen allen Beteiligten erleichtert. Die vielleicht wichtigste und am deutlichsten sichtbare Rolle spielt dabei, neben der Standardisierung der Datenformate, die Umstellung von 2D- auf 3D-Geometriemodelle. In dieser Arbeit wird beschrieben, welche Herausforderungen und Chancen bezüglich BIM für die Planung von Bahn-Bauwerken bestehen. Der spezifische Fokus liegt auf der Anwendung von 3D-CAD- und 3D-Laserscan-Modellen der zu erstellenden Anlagen.

Die Digitalisierung im Bauwesen schreitet immer weiter voran und während in diesem Zusammenhang oftmals das Stichwort Building Information Modeling (BIM) fällt, entwickeln sich Disziplinen wie das Brandschutzingenieurwesen (BSI) unabhängig weiter. Das Brandschutzbüro Brandschutz Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH Leipzig (BCL) verwendet das BSI, um ingenieurtechnische Verfahren heranzuziehen. BCL verfolgt als Unternehmensphilosophie das Ziel, mit neuen Methoden und Erkenntnissen ständig die eigenen Prozesse zu optimieren und zu erweitern. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt soll in dieser Arbeit in Kooperation mit BCL untersucht werden, inwieweit sich die Ergebnisse aus einer Brandsimulation, darunter besonders der Rauch, in einer virtuellen Realität (engl. Virtual Reality (VR)) darstellen und in bestehende oder potenzielle Anwendungsfälle integrieren lassen. Dazu soll zunächst mit einer Betrachtung der brandschutztechnischen Grundlagen inklusive des BSIs und einer Analyse zum Stand des Brandschutzes in BIM begonnen werden. Im nächsten Schritt sind für die Brandsimulation bestimmte Fragen zu klären, wie z.B. eine entsprechende Berechnung technisch abläuft und welche Ausgabedaten und -formate eine solche Simulation bereitstellt. Zur Darstellung der Simulationsergebnisse in virtuellen Realitäten werden Grafik.Engines benötigt, die VR-Anwendungen ermöglichen. Wichtige Untersuchungsgegenstände sind z.B. die anwendbaren Programmier- und Skriptsprachen, mit deren Einsatz die Daten eingelesen und visualisiert werden können. Für die gefundenen Grafik-Engines wird dann recherchiert, ob es bereits bestehende Anwendungen oder Prozesse zur Darstellung von Brandsimulationen gibt. Ist dies der Fall, sollen deren Workflows untersucht werden, um anschließend ihre grundsätzliche Einsatzfähigkeit zu bewerten und Verbesserungsvorschläge zu äußern...:1. Prozesse im Brandschutz 1.1. Brandschutztechnische Grundlagen 1.2. Angewandte Ingenieurmethoden 1.3. Brandschutz mit Building Information Modeling 2. Ablauf einer Brandsimulation 2.1. Verfügbare Software 2.2. Aufbau einer FDS-Eingabedatei 2.3. Generieren von Simulationsdaten in FDS 2.4. Ausgabedaten und -formate 3. Software zur Darstellung in VR 3.1. Blender 3.2. Unity Engine 3.3. Unreal Engine 3.4. Vergleich der Engines 4. Visualisierung der Brandsimulation 4.1. Konzept der Datenübertragung 4.2. Bestehende Workflows für VR-Programme 4.3. Versuchsdurchführung 4.4. Auswertung der Versuche 5. Anwendungsfälle und Optimierungspotenzial 5.1. Potenzielle Einsatzmöglichkeiten 5.2. Optimierungspotenzial 6. Fazit A. Beispielmodell Blender B. Beispielmodell VRSmokeVis C. Prüfmodell Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis / Digitization in the construction industry is progressing and while the keyword Building Information Modeling (BIM) is frequently mentioned, disciplines like the fire safety engineering are also evolving independently. The fire protection office Brandschutz Consult Ingenieurgesellschaft mbH Leipzig (BCL)) uses fire safety engineering for including engineering procedures. As a corporate philosophy BCL pursues the goal of constantly optimizing and expanding its own processes with new methods and scientific findings. From this point of view, in cooperation with BCL, this master thesis will examine to which extent it is possible to visualize the results of a fire simulation, in particular including the smoke, in Virtual Reality (VR) and to integrate them into existing or evolving applications. For this purpose, a consideration of the fire protection basics including fire protection engineering and an analysis of the status of fire protection in BIM has been started. In the next step the fire simulation must be investigated, i.e. how the corresponding calculation technically works and which output data and formats such a simulation provides. Graphic engines that enable VR applications are required to display the simulation results in VR. Important objects of investigation are e.g. the applicable programming and scripting languages. Those scripting languages are used to import and visualize the data. For the graphic engines found, research is initiated to determine whether there are already existing applications or processes for displaying fire simulations. If this is the case these workflows should be examined in order to subsequently evaluate their fundamental usability and to express suggestions for improvement. If possible, some of the optimizations should be carried out. Based on the existing processes in fire protection helpful application options are derived, for which the use must be proven in future projects.:1. Prozesse im Brandschutz 1.1. Brandschutztechnische Grundlagen 1.2. Angewandte Ingenieurmethoden 1.3. Brandschutz mit Building Information Modeling 2. Ablauf einer Brandsimulation 2.1. Verfügbare Software 2.2. Aufbau einer FDS-Eingabedatei 2.3. Generieren von Simulationsdaten in FDS 2.4. Ausgabedaten und -formate 3. Software zur Darstellung in VR 3.1. Blender 3.2. Unity Engine 3.3. Unreal Engine 3.4. Vergleich der Engines 4. Visualisierung der Brandsimulation 4.1. Konzept der Datenübertragung 4.2. Bestehende Workflows für VR-Programme 4.3. Versuchsdurchführung 4.4. Auswertung der Versuche 5. Anwendungsfälle und Optimierungspotenzial 5.1. Potenzielle Einsatzmöglichkeiten 5.2. Optimierungspotenzial 6. Fazit A. Beispielmodell Blender B. Beispielmodell VRSmokeVis C. Prüfmodell Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Literaturverzeichnis

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Kimberly W. Kramer / Building Information Modeling (BIM) is altering the way that the construction industry is developing design documents by involving all members of the design team as well as the general contractor early in the design process. The members are encouraged to offer advice on the design and constructability on the project. However, not only is the design process changing, but the liability and responsibility of each team member is changing as well. The alteration in responsibility can severely impact structural engineers because of the level of responsibility already associated with their role in the design process. This report looks at the concerns industry leaders and legal professionals have with how BIM is altering the liability landscape, such as standard contracts, software interoperability, data misuse, intellectual property, loss of data, the legal status of the model, the standard of care, and design delegation. In addition to the liability concerns, this report examines the steps that industry leaders have taken to prevent any unnecessary additional liability from affecting structural engineers.

Building Information Modeling (BIM) plays an important role in today's construction industry. Models are tools that help stakeholders communicate, visualize building geometry, perform trade coordination and clash detection among others. A less popular aspect of BIM that shows high potential is the quantity take-off (QTO) feature. Yet, its implementation among commercial general contractors (GC) has not received as much attention. The purpose of this study was to identify how the BIM QTO features were being implemented among commercial general contractors, what challenges they faced and how they worked to overcome those challenges. Through a three-step process including semi structured interviews with estimators, preconstruction, BIM and Virtual Design Construction (VDC) managers, valuable insights on the BIM QTO implementation state among general contractors were gathered and analyzed. Links between BIM QTO benefits, project design phases and delivery methods, software, training, leadership and jurisdictions were discussed. The data indicated that BIM QTO's benefits were best leveraged through early general contractor involvement, the adequate contract framework, trained BIM QTO estimators, and early and strategic communication between owners, designers and estimators. The conditions for increased efficiency were discussed along with the solutions to the common BIM-based QTO challenges.