Urban planners in the Transportation Department of Kuala Lumpur, over a period of time, noticed a progressive increase in the influx of privately-owned vehicles into the city and decrease in the modal share of public transport. Over-dependence on cars has encouraged a sedentary lifestyle, an obesity epidemic, social exclusion and increased carbon foot print. This research investigates the factors that have led to the increasing dependency on private vehicles by employees who work in employment centres in Kuala Lumpur city. Deficiencies in urban planning have created a spatial separation between people and workplaces, meaning that the existing built environment and land uses are inadequately coordinated with various modes of transportation which could facilitate the movement of people in the city. This results in long hours of commuting between employment centres and residential areas, and causes severe traffic congestion into the city centre daily. Understanding this real life phenomenon in a holistic manner is vital in order to find or create alternatives to car dependency and traffic congestion, as it will show how people construct the meaning of commuting in their built environment, and how commuting can be beneficial to them. In order to establish these arguments, the research takes a qualitative research approach, collecting data from multiple sources of evidence such as interviews and participant observation. A multiple embedded case study approach was adopted, using two contrasting areas in the city of Kuala Lumpur as samples; both the user and the pedestrian environment were used as units of analysis to measure the research questions. This allowed for the use of cross-case analysis to expose replication logic between the two selected samples, after which the findings were adjusted to form four analytical categories: the user’s understanding and knowledge of walking to the workplace; the use of mixed modes of transportation; physical features that support walking to work; and stakeholders’ involvement. The framework for this research was formed by these analytical categories to meet the research aims of finding ways to improve the employees’ walking experience in the pedestrian environment in the context of Kuala Lumpur city. The results showed that the public have a negative attitude towards walking to work. The data collected revealed that the decision employees make to drive is somewhat uninformed, as they lack a holistic understanding of the benefits of incorporating walking to work as part of their daily routine. A framework is developed which proposes that the current mind-set towards walking can be reversed if the data from the analytical categories mentioned earlier are effectively deployed to enchance the walking experience. The study emphasises on the increased knowledge and better understanding of the situation among the employees in order to choose a sustainable way to travel to and around the city centre. The framework also aims to achieve a holistic understanding of incorporating walking as part of mixed mode transportation to the workplace for a more impactful solution to long-distance trips, and to affect, in a positive manner, the mind-set of people who still depend on cars to commute to work in Kuala Lumpur city.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of complex mixture of linear polysaccharides that are present in both vertebrates and invertebrates. This polysaccharide plays important roles in physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. In this study, GAGs were isolated from two different fish (whelks and cockles) belonging to mollusc invertebrates. The crude GAGs isolated from each shellfish demonstrated variable selective anti-cancer activities against many cancer cell lines including breast (MDANQ01 and MDA468), leukemia (MOLT-4 and K562) and ovarian (HeLa) cancer. None of the commercial GAGs exhibited any anti-cancer activities against all the cancer cells studied. Previous studies conducted on the isolation of GAGs from molluscs reported mainly its anti-coagulant and anti-inflammatory activities; thus neglecting its record of anti-cancer activity. All purified whelk fractions (A – D & F) obtained failed to show any anti-cancer activity; with the exception of fraction E, which showed equal levels of selective anti-cancer activity against breast cancer cells. Mechanism of cell death caused by the three novel GAGs on cancers cells were investigated via cell cycle analysis and apoptosis detection assay. Cell cycle analysis revealed significant perturbations in the cancer cell cycle showing cell cycle arrests at different stages. Similarly, there were significant apoptosis inductions induced by the three novel GAGs on each of the cell lines investigated. Structural elucidations of the two fish GAGs, using chemical, enzymatic, Polyacrylamide, Superose 12 size exclusion chromatography , gel filtration and SAX-HPLC methods of analysis, revealed the presence of both chondroitin sulfate (CS)/dermatan sulfate (DS)-like and HS-like GAGs. Discrepancies in the structural elucidations of the novel GAG mixtures and the commercial GAGs may be partly responsible for the anti-cancer activity of the novel polysaccharides, as changes in exogenous GAGs structural composition, especially sulfation levels or patterns, can alter its binding to growth factors, which is essential for cell proliferation.

The processes required in maintaining Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) buildings, and to retain their services and facilities to an acceptable standard in Nigeria is being undermined by insufficient maintenance budget and lack of strategic planning. The aim of the study is to develop a new theoretical strategic framework to support Facilities maintenance management of Higher Education Institutions facilities in Nigeria. The key objectives of the study include: investigating the current theoretical approaches to facilities maintenance management, evaluating works and services departments’ constraints in relation to procurement strategies, maintenance methods, maintenance budgets, post occupancy evaluations, project quality control, sustainable programme, and the influence of culture on project execution. Others objectives include: developing a strategic framework to support facilities maintenance management, and validating its effectiveness and the efficiency. The scope of the study is focussed on the general maintenance of all building elements; services provided in the selected twelve HEIs in south west of Nigeria. The study adopted a mixed method research strategy by conducting series of semi-structured interviews with the directors of works and services of the selected HEIs, and a questionnaire survey of the 36 Technical Officers from the selected HEIs in Nigeria. The qualitative and quantitative data collected were analysed by using thematic analyses and multiple regressions respectively. The findings of the thematic analyses of the interviews reveal that, there was a general shortage of financial resources that allow keeping of backlogs of maintenance and repairs of HEIs buildings across both the federal and state HEIs. The work identified that, the following factors have caused majority of the backlogs of maintenance: low level of overall maintenance budget, delays in releasing cash (maintenance funds), lack of the adoption and use of planned prevent maintenance method, a shortage of in-house technical staff, and the absence of maintenance programmes and maintenance schedules. In addition, the findings of the questionnaire survey identified the largest and the strongest among the variables used (Predictor-Maintenance Budget), it determines the effectiveness and efficiency of the framework to about 58%, and determines at which level, that the smallest and less stronger variables can join together with the largest and strongest variable to make the framework effective in the facilities maintenance management of HEIs facilities in Nigeria. The findings further reveal that: majority of the HEIs works and services departments do not have full complements of technical staff, so they outsource most of their maintenance projects; most HEIs works and services departments do not have maintenance budgets; where the budgets are in place, they do not adopt appropriate techniques for data collection. In most HEIs sampled, the major defects are often caused by long delays in releasing maintenance cash. Other challenges include: use of inappropriate maintenance methods; lack of establishment of a project control unit within the works and services department; inability to prepare and use maintenance control toolkit; over reliance on complaints from the facilities users instead of carrying out post occupancy evaluations; and lack of adequate programmes to maintain the built environments under their management. A framework was subsequently developed to address the challenges and shortcomings discovered through interviews and the questionnaire survey. The key element of the framework is based on the extensive literature review and is the further validated through a series of interviews with senior technical officers from eight out of the twelve HEIs sampled. The interviewees agreed that the framework is valid, adaptable, and will make facilities maintenance management of HEIs facilities in Nigeria cost effective, efficient in running, and ensures the achievement of project quality control and project deliveries in a timely fashion. Key words: Backlog, budget, environment, sustainable, procurement, maintenance and quality.

Aim: The Aim of this PhD study is to study the performance of mature age office workers descending multiple flights of stairs in trial evacuations of high rise office buildings in the context of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Method: A case study process coupled with mixed methods data collection and analysis was selected with the unit of analysis being the office worker descending the stairs. An Exploratory case study involving the reanalysis of data from a similar study was undertaken to confirm the selection of the research method. Six high rise buildings were selected varying from 7 to 36 storeys . Trial evacuations were held and data collected via survey, observation and physical assessment. Two explanatory case studies involving a Delphi group and focus groups classified the main contextual issues as the intrinsic ones of the occupant and the extrinsic ones of Stair Design and Construction, Others on the Stairs and Management/ Maintenance. The other explanatory study comprised a directed content analysis of a two extremely relevant media documents related to multiple flight stair descent. The data was analysed and findings established by generalisation where trends could be explained quantitatively and otherwise via triangulation. Results and Conclusions: Fatigue predicting descent performance ability was determined by triangulation and generalisation. Density could mask fatigue as the result of delays that would allow people to descend at more slowly. Descent performance ability for 50% of the population was 300 metres in 1980 reducing to 240 metres in 2010. The risk of falling related directly to this distance and the spiralling action of turning at each landing . Triangulation showed this action increased the risk of vertigo and dizziness as well as the impact of increased BMI and health conditions on stability. The significant (p<.05) contextual extrinsic factors were found to be stair descent risk, need for clear visibility and support from reachable handrails, trial evacuation strategies and procedures and group dynamics. There are other less significant findings explained by context and the “cause and effect directed” case study research method.

Green business models (GBMs) have the potential to deliver a much better performance compared to conventional business models (BMs) in this age of sustainability. The question of how construction companies can transform their BMs based on green value propositions is both highly relevant for management and poorly understood to date. This study empirically investigates GBMs transformations in the UK construction industry. The study closely scrutinises how GBMs are defined and understood by adopting a set of defined five elements from business and management literature: namely, green value proposition (GVP); target group (TG); key activities (KA); key resources (KR); and financial logic (FL). It also identifies changes, benefits, and challenges associated with GBMs to ultimately propose a guideline for GBMs implementation. It adopts a qualitative method to provide a diagnostic exploratory study and conducts 19 semi-structured interviews with academics and managers from various construction companies. This study applies thematic analysis as the main data analysis technique and further analyses and validates the findings by utilising interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and interpretive ranking process (IRP) techniques. ISM and IRP techniques are novel contributions to GBMs and construction research. The emergent findings are then validated and refined by conducting structured interviews with 4 academics and 1 director from a contractor practice. A BM is considered to be green when a business changes element (s) of its BM to create and capture a business opportunity or a proposition for TGs that provides environmental improvement coupled with economic benefits. The key findings reveal that GBMs can link environmental sustainability with economic success in a systematic manner. They show that GBMs transformations require strong change capabilities and radically influence the way in which companies conduct business. In addition, they demonstrate the interrelation between the different GBMs elements and show that the GVP and FL represent the foundation of GBMs. The challenges that emerged from this research include: government constraints; financial constraints; industry constraints; company constrains; and lack of demand. However, the ISM analysis demonstrates that government policies are the root challenges that hinder GBMs transformations. Despite the challenges posed, GBMs have the potential to deliver credibility, financial and long-term viability benefits for construction companies. The study proposes and validates a guideline for GBMs implementation for the UK construction industry. The guideline starts with creating top-management receptiveness and support the importance of capturing green demand to be converted into GVPs. It also stresses the importance of out-sourcing of some of the KA and KR and highlights the function of marketing and promotions. In addition, the guideline includes various reviewing and monitoring points to be fed to the top-management. Although the BMs and GBMs are new in the construction discipline, this research, as far as can be established, is one of the few empirical academic works introducing and defining GBMs in the construction context. This study contributes originally to GBMs research by developing a structured relationship between the different GBMs elements and by ranking the elements with reference to benefit areas. The relationship between the GBM elements informs construction managers that the smallest details are not vital in a GBM instead how every element of it fits together as a whole reinforcing system is important matter. Consequently, the different elements of the GBM should never be analysed or developed in isolation. To capture economic benefits offered by environmental sustainability, construction companies need to concentrate on greening the whole BM rather than products and processes only. Finally, the study draws a list of recommendations for increasing GBMs uptake and suggests further research opportunities, particularly in the areas of GBMs elements and networks. Key words: Business models, construction industry, environmental sustainability, green business models, UK.

There is currently a push to increase the proportion of freight traffic that is transported by rail, which is argued to be a safer, more sustainable and more climate friendly means of freight transportation when compared with road or air transportation. This will result in increased noise and vibration from freight railway traffic, the potential impacts of which are not well known. The aim of this research, therefore, is to further the understanding of the human response to freight railway noise and vibration. Data for this research comes from a field study comprising interviews with respondents and measurements of their vibration exposure. A logistic regression model was created and optimised, and is able to accurately classify 96% of these measured railway vibration signals as freight or passenger signals based on two signal properties that quantify the duration and low frequency content of each signal. Exposure-response relationships are then determined using ordinal probit modelling with fixed thresholds and cumulative ordinal logit models. The results indicate that people are able to distinguish between freight and passenger railway vibration, and that the annoyance response due to freight railway vibration is significantly higher than that due to passenger railway vibration, even for equal levels of exposure. To further investigate this disparity in response, a laboratory study was performed in which subjects were exposed to combined noise and vibration from freight and passenger railway traffic. Through the technique of multidimensional scaling, the subjective responses to these stimuli were analysed to investigate the specific attributes of the stimuli that may lead to the difference in human response. The results of this study suggest that the perception of combined railway noise and vibration takes into account not only the exposure magnitude of the noise and vibration stimuli, but also signal properties such as duration, spectral distribution and envelope modulation. These parameters, and in particular the duration parameter, appear to account for the difference in the human response to freight and passenger railway vibration.

This dissertation examines heritage as a social construct by way of critically accessing the precursors, proponents and processes of the Tulbagh restoration. This research is focused on understanding the reasons why and how, after the earthquake of 1969, Church Street was reinstated to its 'historic' 18/19th century appearance. This reconstructive restoration is unpacked within its South African socio-political, 20th-century situation to examine the motivations of the proponents behind the restoration as well as their conservation philosophies that underpinned the stylistic reconstruction of Tulbagh back to what was regarded as its Cape Dutch 'best'. The study comprises of an examination of both the theoretical development and practical application of reconstructions. Research traces the development of conservation in South Africa, first under the Union government and then under the Afrikaner Nationalist government to understand how Afrikaner Nationalism was superseded by the creation of a white South African identity. Pierre Nora's theories around memory and identity are explored and applied in order to contextualise the Tulbagh case study in a theoretical framework to highlight similarities and differences. The proponents of the Tulbagh restoration consisted of a wide and varied selection of the South African conservation fraternity and included the National Society, the Cape Institute of Architects, historian Dr Mary Cook, the Simon van der Stel Foundation, Anton Rupert and his Historic Homes Company, Gawie and Gwen Fagan and Dr Hans Fransen, as well as the National Monuments Commission/Council. These same role players came together in the decade before the earthquake to formalise their association, conservation resolve and philosophies. The findings of the study suggest that although united with a common vision, philosophy and determination, these conservation advocates all had their own agenda and differing motivations for their involvement in Tulbagh's restoration. Motivations ranged from straightforward conservation concern and a response to the threat of cultural devastation on one hand to ideological nation-building ideals and Afrikaner nationalism on the other. Although politics impacted early on and all three levels of government funded the bulk of the restoration costs, the diversity of the proponents suggests that this project was more complex than being motivated primarily by nationalism.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-110). / Kolmanskop Ghost Town is situated within the Sperrgebiet National Park on the South-West Coast of Namibia. The diamond-mining town was established in 1908 and abandoned in 1956. Kolmanskop's status as a tourist attraction has been readily established and it is regarded as an important economic resource by the nearby community of Lüderitz. The key question of this research project is whether the site is also able to fulfil the criteria of an industrial heritage resource? The principal method employed is that of values-based conservation. The study relies principally on the survey of a broad range of individuals and stakeholders in order to establish present values as they pertain to Kolmanskop.

Includes bibliographical references. / This dissertation examines the heritage significance of Rust-en-Vrede as a structure with little surviving building fabric from its earliest years, but a rich history of four diverse uses since circa 1808. It is located in Durbanville to the north of Cape Town, an area which has changed over the years from farmland to suburban/urban fabric. The building is styled with a combination of Cape Dutch, Georgian and Victorian architectural elements. The building is not “pure” or mono-stylistic from an architectural point of view. However, its significance is found in its layers of associated meanings. This paper seeks to understand the shifting notions regarding authenticity in conservation. It identifies how a dominant prevailing idea of authenticity was challenged in heritage debates, particularly since the Nara Conference on Authenticity (1994). My intention is to confirm a hypothesis that a building with multiple layers of meaning can be perceived by many to have sufficient heritage significance to satisfy the assertion that it has heritage value. This heritage value can reside in the design, material and workmanship of such a building, with context providing a lesser, but also not insignificant contribution. As Stovel has pointed out, authenticity does not automatically on its own provide the best marker of heritage value.1 Rather, authenticity can be unpacked and qualified in a particular instance to arrive at a composite, nuanced understanding of value that looks beyond the “completeness” of a building.

This study is specifically concerned with the impact of cultural tourism on the valorisation of two African fortifications; Castelo São Jorge da Mina (Elmina Castle) in Elmina, Ghana and Casteel de Goede Hoop (Castle of Good Hope) in Cape Town, South Africa. The commodification of national and world heritage, primarily within the context of cultural tourism, is the process by which tangible and intangible heritage are transformed into cultural commodities to be bought, sold and profited from in the heritage and tourism industry. The perception, however, that these commodified heritage sites are contaminated, and less authentic, is based on an outmoded discourse. The South African government has placed a fair amount of focus on redressing highly emotive colonial or dissonant heritage sites with the intent of correcting misinterpreted Eurocentric histories or present non-represented pre-colonial history. The study is structured around addressing the issue of commodification and its impact on the understanding and interpretation of heritage both as an emotive commodity and as a means of providing economic benefit to a community. The literature review locates the research in Marx's theories on commodities together with Urry's tourist gaze. It furthermore includes an analysis on valorisation, with the focus on associative value, in the context of national and world heritage. Fortifications as fortified military architecture in an African context are considered; as is the European influence on African culture and fortifications as colonial structures. Elmina Castle, as a much-researched heritage site, is explored in detail. It includes a legislative analysis; the perspectives and interpretations of the two largest stakeholders groups, the Akan-speaking Fanti population and the African American Diaspora tourists is key to the analysis of the impact of commodification. A detailed history of Europeans on the Gold Coast, the development of Elmina Castle and the impact of trans-Atlantic slavery on the consumption of heritage is studied. The commodification of the Castle of Good Hope is written within the context of the prevailing South African heritage discourse. Much has been written on the commodification of Elmina Castle, while very little has been said about the Castle of Good Hope as a commodity. The prevailing authorised commodification of the Castle of Good Hope necessitated the analysis and comparison of the Castle with the selected comparative case and the study draws comparisons between the powerful emotive significance and contestations attached to Elmina and the contrast that this poses to the Castle of God Hope as a place of heritage significance despite the fact that it has been seen to symbolise the introduction of repressive European influence and control in South Africa. The research supports the notion that cultural tourism and events have impacted on the valorisation of cultural heritage and, in particular, the associative and emotive values. However, the cultural significance of the two African fortifications as important heritage sites are not at risk.