Typescript, etc.

Inaug.-Diss. Phil.-hist. Bern, 2003. / Titel von Titelbildschirm. Literaturverz.

Le Conseil et le Bureau du commerce constituent l’instance principale de l’administration royale du commerce au XVIIIe siècle. Bien que le roi n’assiste jamais aux séances hebdomadaires, cette institution, créée en 1700 et dissoute en 1791, a contribué à modeler l’économie française de l’époque. Installé au sommet d’une pyramide institutionnelle, cet organe est étroitement associé à l’élaboration et à l’application du droit économique, exerçant un véritable pouvoir par procuration en matière d’édiction de la norme. Un de ses traits les plus originaux consiste en la présence, très influente, de Députés du commerce. Ces Députés du commerce, au minimum, constituent un tiers-intervenant susceptible de crédibiliser l’institution par rapport aux forces vives de l’économie. Par ailleurs, une intégration institutionnelle forte tend à solidariser presque organiquement les chambres de commerce, les corporations et les manufactures avec l’instance centrale. Contrairement à une vision quelque peu réductrice d’une économie « dirigiste », le Conseil/Bureau du commerce, durant la première moitié du siècle, opère une économie d’une nature profondément conventionnelle. Concrètement, cette institution forme le point de rencontre de toutes les entités intéressées au commerce et le rapport de force s’avère ambigu entre le pouvoir et les opérateurs privés. Durant la seconde moitié du siècle, le Bureau du commerce change radicalement de politique, voire de doctrine, pour mettre en oeuvre un libéralisme économique « premier ». Le langage employé et l’intériorisation de concepts économiques et idéologiques nouveaux montrent le degré de pénétration de ce libéralisme. / The Council and Bureau of commerce formed the major body of the royal administration of commerce in the XVIIIth century. Although the king never attended the weekly assemblies, this institution, created in 1700 and abolished in 1791, contributed to shape the French economy at the time. Placed at the top of an institutional pyramid, this organization is narrowly associated with the elaboration and enforcement of the economic right. One of its most prominent features is the very influential presence of Deputies of commerce. These Deputies, at least, constituted a third party liable to give credit to the institution in relation to the forces of the economy. In addition, a strong institutional integration tended to bring together almost organically the Chambres de commerce, the corporations and the manufactures with the central body. Contrary to a somewhat shortview vision of “dirigisme”, the Council/Bureau of commerce operated a deeply conventional economy throughout the first half of the century. This institution allows for the meeting of all the entities interested in commerce, and shapes the relationship between central power and private operators, which was seemingly ambiguous. During the second half of the century, the Bureau of commerce dramatically switches its politics, in order to build a “first” economic liberalism. The language and the appropriation of new economic and ideological concepts demonstrate the high degree of influence this liberalism enjoys.

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Thesis (M.S. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009. / Thesis Advisor(s): Schweit, Katherine D. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Counterterrorism, Knowledge Management, Knowledge Transfer, Best Practices, Homeland Security, Training, Federal Bureau Of Investigation, FBI, Expert Registry, Center for Lessons Learned, Skill Building, Storytelling, Organizational Change, Mobile Education Team, MET Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-68). Also available in print.

Such a study should throw light on a number of questions of social import: Can a co-operative be a success, from a purely business point of view? What is the effect of a co-operative organization on capitalist business? What effect, if any, will a co-operative have on prices? Are co-operatives subject to mushroom development and doomed to a short life? What aro the factors which lie behind the organization of a co-operative? Do co-operatives serve their members and patrons better than capitalist businesses? What are the social effects of co-operative associations? This thesis answers these questions insofar as the history of one great co-operative organization brings evidence to bear on the problems involved.

<p>In the Algerian city of Oran in 1857, a French civil court convicted and condemned to death the Captain Auguste-Edouard Doineau, officer of the Arab Bureau, for killing Si-Mohammed-ben-Abdallah, the agha of the Beni-Snouss tribe. The trial generated tremendous public attention The the civilian population in Algeria greeted the verdict with approval, but the military administration viewed it with great dismay. In fact, the intensely negative publicity the Arab Bureau, and the military in general, attracted as a result of this trial produced a significant change in the political structure of the French colonial government in Algeria. In 1858, Napoleon III transformed the administration of Algeria from a division between civilian and military administrative zones to an entirely civilian administration. Traditional accounts of Algerian history overlook or underplay this minor administrative shift. Indeed, the change lasted only two years, because Napoleon III returned power to the military in 1860. Nonetheless, this peculiar and short-lived change, and the circumstances which led to it, illuminate the problems and conflicts that the French faced in the early decades of their rule in Algeria. The trial of Captain Doineau and its resulting backlash illustrates the deep division between the civilian and military administrations in Algeria, a division that historians have overlooked but which held profound effects for the establishment of a thriving French colony.</p><p> The roots of this division lie in two major points of conflict between the civilian and military administrative branches: the extent to which the French should adopt or tolerate pre-existing political and social norms and, most important, the process by which Europeans acquired and settled the land belonging to the indigenous population. These issues were informed by post-Revolutionary French political thought and concepts of individual civil liberties. In 1870, the republicans of the Third Republic ended the military administration, the conclusion of decades worth of struggle by the civilian factions in Algeria to end the "rule of the sword." Traditional historical narratives treat this as a triumph for the liberal, republican values proclaimed by the Third Republic and consider a beneficial change for the colony and its inhabitants, both European and indigenous. The military administration, and the Arab Bureau in particular, represented, however, an alternate approach to governing the new colony that failed, ultimately, because it failed to conform to French post-Revolution expectations of what constituted a just and liberal government power. The military and the Arab Bureau advocated a tolerance for and acceptance of local legal and social customs, but the prevailing political culture of nineteenth-century France lacked an ability to accommodate this approach. Moreover, the economic need, and growing colonist demands, for more land for European colonization, accelerated during the 1850s and 1860s, placing financial pressure on the French government to dismantle the local legal and social structures that hindered the process of land appropriation. The French settlers and their supporters in the French civilian administration, in contrast to the Arab Bureau, wanted local practices replaced immediately by French laws and values. The different administrative approaches advocated by the civilian and military administrations, and the significant effect they held for land policy, created tension between these two branches of the French administration in Algeria. These tensions converged in the Doineau Trial of 1857, and the conviction of Captain Doineau initiated the decline of the Arab Bureua's power and its alternate approach toward administering the indigenous population in Algeria.</p> / Dissertation

Thesè (Docteur es Sciences).

Diss.--Sozialwissenschaft--Bremen Universität, 1992. / Bibliogr. p. 297-312. Index.

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