Estudo realizado no Frigorífico Triângulo de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais (MG), utilizando delineamento tipo caso-controle, procurou estabelecer a possível relação entre bursite cervical e brucelose, em bovinos abatidos no período de agosto de 1993 a julho de 1994. O diagnóstico de brucelose foi realizado mediante a prova de soroaglutinação rápida em placa. Os casos de bursite foram identificados, por técnico do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), com base em características morfológicas, previamente padronizadas. Para a determinação do odds ratio e do risco atribuível , entre bursite e brucelose, utilizaram-se 30 animais com o quadro e, como controle, 90 bovinos sem a patologia. Dos municípios que enviaram animais para o abate 60,0 por cento pertenciam à microregião do Triângulo Mineiro, MG, correspondendo a 94,7 por cento do total de bovinos abatidos; o número de machos e fêmeas equivaleram-se. A frequência de ocorrência de bursite cervical foi igual a 0,14 por cento (40/28.677); 80,0 por cento dos casos foram registrados entre os meses de agosto de 1993 e fevereiro de 1994. Goiás (GO) apresentou uma frequência de bursite da ordem de 0,28 por cento contra 0,13 por cento de MG (P=0,139) ; Itapirapuã, GO, com 5,0 por cento de casos de bursite, foi o município com a maior ocorrência da patologia (P<0,05). As fêmeas apresentaram 0,20 por cento de frequência de bursite, contra 0,07 por cento dos machos (P<0,05). Vascularização intensa (56,7 por cento ) e espessamento da parede da bolsa (43,4 por cento ) foram as características morfológicas mais encontradas. Dos animais com bursite, 13,3 por cento eram brucélicos, contra 5,6 por cento do grupo controle (P=0,115). Dentre aqueles com brucelose e bursite, as bolsas continham fibrina (40,0 por cento ) e projeções digitiformes (33,3 por cento ); encontradas as presenças de pús 1 de nódulos e de líquido viscoso. O odds ratio encontrado entre a brucelose e a bursite foi da ordem de 2,61 (P>0,05). O risco atribuível da patologia na população estudada foi igual a 7,64 por cento , valor esse correspondente à frequência esperada de redução de casos de bursite cervical, após a erradicação da brucelose em populações semelhantes à do presente estudo. No âmbito da saúde ocupacional, mesmo diante da ausência de relação estatística entre bursite e brucelose, esta patologia deve continuar a merecer a atenção de técnicos e profissionais de frigoríficos, com o escopo de diminuir eventuais riscos de infecção de trabalhadores, bem como de evitar a contaminação de carcaças, equipamentos e instalações. / The present study was conducted in the municipal of the Municipality of Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais. An examination is made of the association between a sorological diagnosis indicating brucellosis and the existence of supraspinous bursitis in cattle slaughtered between August, 1993 and July, 1994. To diagnose brucelloses the \"Rapid Aglutination\" test was performed on a plate with the standardized antigen count considered to be positive if above 100. The bursas examined were identified by technicians of the Federal Inspection Service based on the presence of ten standardized morphological characteristics. Using the case-control design 30 animals identified as having supraspinous bursitis were compared with 90 animals rendomly selected, without bursitis- but with other characteristics (sex, background, lot, conformation) similar to those affected. All animals were then diagnosed for brucellos. Of all municipios counties that sent animals for slaught 60,0 per cent came from the microregion of Triângulo Mineiro, MG, corresponding to 94,7 per cent of the total of slaughtered bovine; the number of females and males were equivalent. 80,0 per cent of cases of bursitis were registrated between August 1993 and February 1994. The State of Goiás had a rate of 0,28 per cent of bursitis cases against 0,13 per cent in Minas Gerais, (P=0,139). Itapirapuã, GO, with 5,0 per cent of cases was the municipal region with the highest rate of ocorrence (P<0,05). The rate or bursitis in female animals was 0,20 per cent while in male it was 0,07 per cent (P<0,05). The most frequency intense vascularization (56,66 per cent ), the presence of nodules (53,33 per cent ). Of the animals with bursitis, 13,33 per cent were found to have brucellosis while of the other animals, 5,56 per cent had the disease (P=0,115). The morphological characteristics of the bursae examined of the animals with brucellosis contained, most frequency, fibrin (40,0 per cent ) and digital projections (33,3 per cent ). The presence of pus, nodules and viscous fluid were found only among the animals who tested negative for brucellosis. The odds ratio between brucellosis and supraspinous bursitis was 2,61 (P>0,05). The attributable risk of bursitis in the population was calculated at 7,64 per cent . This is to say that the expected frequency of supraspinous bursitis, with the eradication of brucellosis, can be expected to reduce by this amount (in populations similar to that of the present study) . In the area of work related health hazards, although the statistical relation between bursitis and brucellosis lacks significance, bursitis continues to merit the attention of technicians and profesionals employed in slaughterhouses in and effort to reduce the risk of infection to their health as well as contamination of carcasses, equipment and installations.

Estudo realizado no Frigorífico Triângulo de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais (MG), utilizando delineamento tipo caso-controle, procurou estabelecer a possível relação entre bursite cervical e brucelose, em bovinos abatidos no período de agosto de 1993 a julho de 1994. O diagnóstico de brucelose foi realizado mediante a prova de soroaglutinação rápida em placa. Os casos de bursite foram identificados, por técnico do Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), com base em características morfológicas, previamente padronizadas. Para a determinação do odds ratio e do risco atribuível , entre bursite e brucelose, utilizaram-se 30 animais com o quadro e, como controle, 90 bovinos sem a patologia. Dos municípios que enviaram animais para o abate 60,0 por cento pertenciam à microregião do Triângulo Mineiro, MG, correspondendo a 94,7 por cento do total de bovinos abatidos; o número de machos e fêmeas equivaleram-se. A frequência de ocorrência de bursite cervical foi igual a 0,14 por cento (40/28.677); 80,0 por cento dos casos foram registrados entre os meses de agosto de 1993 e fevereiro de 1994. Goiás (GO) apresentou uma frequência de bursite da ordem de 0,28 por cento contra 0,13 por cento de MG (P=0,139) ; Itapirapuã, GO, com 5,0 por cento de casos de bursite, foi o município com a maior ocorrência da patologia (P<0,05). As fêmeas apresentaram 0,20 por cento de frequência de bursite, contra 0,07 por cento dos machos (P<0,05). Vascularização intensa (56,7 por cento ) e espessamento da parede da bolsa (43,4 por cento ) foram as características morfológicas mais encontradas. Dos animais com bursite, 13,3 por cento eram brucélicos, contra 5,6 por cento do grupo controle (P=0,115). Dentre aqueles com brucelose e bursite, as bolsas continham fibrina (40,0 por cento ) e projeções digitiformes (33,3 por cento ); encontradas as presenças de pús 1 de nódulos e de líquido viscoso. O odds ratio encontrado entre a brucelose e a bursite foi da ordem de 2,61 (P>0,05). O risco atribuível da patologia na população estudada foi igual a 7,64 por cento , valor esse correspondente à frequência esperada de redução de casos de bursite cervical, após a erradicação da brucelose em populações semelhantes à do presente estudo. No âmbito da saúde ocupacional, mesmo diante da ausência de relação estatística entre bursite e brucelose, esta patologia deve continuar a merecer a atenção de técnicos e profissionais de frigoríficos, com o escopo de diminuir eventuais riscos de infecção de trabalhadores, bem como de evitar a contaminação de carcaças, equipamentos e instalações. / The present study was conducted in the municipal of the Municipality of Uberlândia in the State of Minas Gerais. An examination is made of the association between a sorological diagnosis indicating brucellosis and the existence of supraspinous bursitis in cattle slaughtered between August, 1993 and July, 1994. To diagnose brucelloses the \"Rapid Aglutination\" test was performed on a plate with the standardized antigen count considered to be positive if above 100. The bursas examined were identified by technicians of the Federal Inspection Service based on the presence of ten standardized morphological characteristics. Using the case-control design 30 animals identified as having supraspinous bursitis were compared with 90 animals rendomly selected, without bursitis- but with other characteristics (sex, background, lot, conformation) similar to those affected. All animals were then diagnosed for brucellos. Of all municipios counties that sent animals for slaught 60,0 per cent came from the microregion of Triângulo Mineiro, MG, corresponding to 94,7 per cent of the total of slaughtered bovine; the number of females and males were equivalent. 80,0 per cent of cases of bursitis were registrated between August 1993 and February 1994. The State of Goiás had a rate of 0,28 per cent of bursitis cases against 0,13 per cent in Minas Gerais, (P=0,139). Itapirapuã, GO, with 5,0 per cent of cases was the municipal region with the highest rate of ocorrence (P<0,05). The rate or bursitis in female animals was 0,20 per cent while in male it was 0,07 per cent (P<0,05). The most frequency intense vascularization (56,66 per cent ), the presence of nodules (53,33 per cent ). Of the animals with bursitis, 13,33 per cent were found to have brucellosis while of the other animals, 5,56 per cent had the disease (P=0,115). The morphological characteristics of the bursae examined of the animals with brucellosis contained, most frequency, fibrin (40,0 per cent ) and digital projections (33,3 per cent ). The presence of pus, nodules and viscous fluid were found only among the animals who tested negative for brucellosis. The odds ratio between brucellosis and supraspinous bursitis was 2,61 (P>0,05). The attributable risk of bursitis in the population was calculated at 7,64 per cent . This is to say that the expected frequency of supraspinous bursitis, with the eradication of brucellosis, can be expected to reduce by this amount (in populations similar to that of the present study) . In the area of work related health hazards, although the statistical relation between bursitis and brucellosis lacks significance, bursitis continues to merit the attention of technicians and profesionals employed in slaughterhouses in and effort to reduce the risk of infection to their health as well as contamination of carcasses, equipment and installations.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 427044 bytes, checksum: 5c1651c701a5ae2b53e04e42782f989e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-09-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Infectious bursal disease (IBD) has been the major preoccupation for the poultry industry, especially in the past decade with the emergency of high virulent strains. Mutations in the gene that code the VP2 viral protein of pathogenic strains and the amiss use of attenuate vaccines by few passages have been responsible for the springing of new outbreaks. The purpose of this work was to analyze phylogenetically two different isolates of IBDV in Minas Gerais State by the comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the gene that code VP2 viral capside protein. In order to study the pathogen-host interaction, a subtractive library was constructed from VERO cells infected by IBDV (8 hours post-infection) aiming the identification of differential gene expression during this interaction. For the phylogenic analysis of the isolates, fragments of 251 bp amplified by RT-PCR were cloned and sequenced. The comparison of the sequences revealed that these isolates have 98-100% identity with classical vaccinal IBDV strains indicating that these outbreaks might have been caused by the vaccinal virus. To construct the subtractive library, two cDNA populations were hibridizated: one derived by IBDV infected VERO cells and other by non infected VERO cells. The hibridizated products were amplified for the posterior cloning and evaluation of the differential express products. Understanding of the replication characteristics of the IBDV associated to the study of the virus infection effects in the gene expression of the host cell, shown in this work, will allow the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the pathogen-host interaction contributing, therefore, for the development of methods more effectives in the control and prevention of the IBDV. / A doença infecciosa bursal (IBD) tem sido, há muitos anos, uma grande preocupação para a indústria avícola, especialmente na década passada devido a emergência de cepas virais hipervirulentas. Mutações no gene responsável pela codificação da proteína viral VP2 de linhagens patogênicas e a má utilização de vacinas atenuadas por poucas passagens têm sido responsáveis pelo aparecimento de novos surtos. A proposta deste trabalho foi analisar filogeneticamente dois diferentes isolados de IBDV de Minas Gerais por meio da comparação da seqüência nucleotídica do gene que codifica a proteína do capsídeo viral VP2. Em razão da necessidade de se estudar melhor a interação patógeno-hospedeiro, objetivou-se ainda a construção de uma biblioteca subtrativa a partir de células VERO infectadas pelo IBDV, 8 horas após a infecção, com a finalidade de identificar genes diferencialmente expressos durante essa interação vírus-célula hospedeira. Para a análise filogenética dos isolados, fragmentos de 251 pb amplificados por RT-PCR foram clonados e seqüenciados. A comparação das seqüências revelou que os isolados possuem identidade de 98-100% com linhagens clássicas vacinais de IBDV, indicando que os surtos analisados podem ter sido causados pelo vírus vacinal. Para a construção da biblioteca subtrativa, duas populações de cDNA foram hibridizadas: uma derivada de células VERO infectadas por IBDV e a outra de células VERO não infectadas. Os produtos hibridizados foram amplificados para posterior clonagem e avaliação dos produtos diferencialmente expressos. O conhecimento das características replicativas do IBDV associado ao estudo das conseqüências da infecção pelo vírus na expressão gênica da célula hospedeira, iniciado neste trabalho, permitirá a elucidação dos mecanismos envolvidos na interação patógeno-hospedeiro, contribuindo assim para o desenvolvimento de métodos mais eficazes no controle e prevenção da IBD.

La bursite infectieuse aviaire (IBD) est une des causes majeures de pertes économiques pour l’industrie aviaire. La vaccination est le principal outil de contrôle de cette maladie et les oiseaux susceptibles doivent être vaccinés aussitôt que le niveau des anticorps maternels (MA) anti-IBDV est suffisamment bas. L’estimation du moment de vaccination est habituellement déterminée par la formule de Deventer qui utilise le titre initial de MA anti-IBDV et la demi-vie des anticorps pour prédire l’évolution du titre. Dans la présente étude, l’effet du gain de poids sur la vitesse de disparition des MA a été étudié dans le but de l’utiliser pour prédire la détermination du moment de la vaccination. L’analyse des taux d’anticorps neutralisants par ELISA a montré que les poussins avec une forte croissance avaient un taux de disparition plus rapide des MA que ceux à faible croissance. Une formule pour la prédiction du moment de vaccination contre le IBDV, basée sur le gain de poids et le niveau des MA a été développée et vérifiée. La prédiction du moment de vaccination avec cette formule a montré une haute corrélation avec les titres de MA mesurés par ELISA. Le virus de l’anémie infectieuse aviaire (CIAV) est une cause importante d’immunosuppression chez le poulet augmentant la pathogénicité des infections secondaires et en entraînant une réponse humorale suboptimale et une forte mortalité. D’autre part, l’infections sub-clinique du au CIAV provoque une immunosuppression qui facilite la coinfection par d’autre virus tel que le IBDV. Les effets de la coinfection à J1 avec une souche vaccinale de CIAV CAV-VAC® (Intervet) et à J14 avec une souche faiblement virulente de IBDV isolée au Québec, sur l’état de santé des poussins, sur la persistance virale et sur la réponse immunitaire ont été étudiés autant chez des poussins de 1 jour d’âge exempts d’agents pathogènes specifique (SPF) que ceux provenant d’élevages commerciaux. Les résultats ont montré que l’inoculation de la souche vaccinale du CIAV a entraîné une infection sub-clinique, une persistance virale dans la rate et le thymus, une altération de la thymopoièse et une réponse humorale temporaire chez les poussins SPF. Ces effets ont aussi été mis en évidence chez des poussins d’élevage commerciaux malgré des taux élevés de MA. Lors de l’infection avec la souche de IBDV chez des poussins déjà vaccinés contre le CIAV, la persistance du CIAV dans les organes lymphoïdes a été aggravée par une présence de réponses humorales temporaires contre les deux virus et une altération des populations lymphocytaires dans les organes lymphoïdes. Par contre, la présence des MA contre le CIAV a limité temporairement ces effets. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence des désordres immunitaires cellulaires et humoraux et une persistance virale chez des poussins vaccinés contre le CIAV et co-infectés avec le IBDV. / Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the major causes of economic losses in the chicken industry. Vaccination is the main tool against the disease, and the susceptible birds should be vaccinated as soon as the maternal antibody (MA) becomes low enough to allow the vaccine to break through. Estimation of vaccination time is currently performed by Deventer formula which uses initial anti-IBDV titer and antibody half-life to predict the titer. Considering the increased growth rate of chicken in the last decades and the wide variations of MA, we have examined the effects of chick’s weight gain on MA decline and the use of weight in predicting IBD vaccination time. The virus neutralization test and ELISA results demonstrated that fast-growing birds had a faster rate of antibody decline whereas slow-growing birds demonstrated a slower rate. Based on the effect of weight-gain on maternal antibody decline, a new formula for predicting IBD vaccination time was introduced and tested. The predicted IBD vaccination time made by this weight formula showed higher correlation with the measured ELISA titers in the experiment. Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is another cause of immunosuppression in chicken which is characterized by increased pathogenicity of secondary infectious agents, sub-optimal antibody responses and mortality. CIAV subclinical infections can result in immunosuppression and enhancement of pathogenicity of co-infecting agents such as infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Effects of pathogenic CIAV and IBDV coinfection on chick’s health and immune responses are investigated in different studies. In this study, newly hatched specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial chicks were vaccinated with CAV-VAC® (Intervet) vaccine and /or inoculated with a low-virulent Québec isolate of IBDV at 14 days post CIAV vaccination. Inoculation of the CIAV vaccinal strain at hatch resulted in subclinical infection associated with viral persistency in spleen and thymus, alteration of thymopoiesis and transient humoral response in SPF chicks. Subclinical infection, viral persistency and lack of antibody responses were also shown in CIAV inoculated commercial chicks with high MA. Infection of the low-virulent IBDV in the CIAV vaccinated SPF chicks lead to extended viral persistence of CIAV in lymphoid organs, transient immune responses to both CIAV and IBDV, and alteration of lymphocytes subpopulation in the lymphoid organs. In the coinfected commercial chicks, presence the CIAV in the lymphoid organs was controlled by MA in the first 1-2 weeks after hatch. Thereafter, the immune disorders, viral persistence and lack of humoral responses almost similar to the coinfected SPF chicks were recorded.

La bursite infectieuse aviaire (IBD) est une des causes majeures de pertes économiques pour l’industrie aviaire. La vaccination est le principal outil de contrôle de cette maladie et les oiseaux susceptibles doivent être vaccinés aussitôt que le niveau des anticorps maternels (MA) anti-IBDV est suffisamment bas. L’estimation du moment de vaccination est habituellement déterminée par la formule de Deventer qui utilise le titre initial de MA anti-IBDV et la demi-vie des anticorps pour prédire l’évolution du titre. Dans la présente étude, l’effet du gain de poids sur la vitesse de disparition des MA a été étudié dans le but de l’utiliser pour prédire la détermination du moment de la vaccination. L’analyse des taux d’anticorps neutralisants par ELISA a montré que les poussins avec une forte croissance avaient un taux de disparition plus rapide des MA que ceux à faible croissance. Une formule pour la prédiction du moment de vaccination contre le IBDV, basée sur le gain de poids et le niveau des MA a été développée et vérifiée. La prédiction du moment de vaccination avec cette formule a montré une haute corrélation avec les titres de MA mesurés par ELISA. Le virus de l’anémie infectieuse aviaire (CIAV) est une cause importante d’immunosuppression chez le poulet augmentant la pathogénicité des infections secondaires et en entraînant une réponse humorale suboptimale et une forte mortalité. D’autre part, l’infections sub-clinique du au CIAV provoque une immunosuppression qui facilite la coinfection par d’autre virus tel que le IBDV. Les effets de la coinfection à J1 avec une souche vaccinale de CIAV CAV-VAC® (Intervet) et à J14 avec une souche faiblement virulente de IBDV isolée au Québec, sur l’état de santé des poussins, sur la persistance virale et sur la réponse immunitaire ont été étudiés autant chez des poussins de 1 jour d’âge exempts d’agents pathogènes specifique (SPF) que ceux provenant d’élevages commerciaux. Les résultats ont montré que l’inoculation de la souche vaccinale du CIAV a entraîné une infection sub-clinique, une persistance virale dans la rate et le thymus, une altération de la thymopoièse et une réponse humorale temporaire chez les poussins SPF. Ces effets ont aussi été mis en évidence chez des poussins d’élevage commerciaux malgré des taux élevés de MA. Lors de l’infection avec la souche de IBDV chez des poussins déjà vaccinés contre le CIAV, la persistance du CIAV dans les organes lymphoïdes a été aggravée par une présence de réponses humorales temporaires contre les deux virus et une altération des populations lymphocytaires dans les organes lymphoïdes. Par contre, la présence des MA contre le CIAV a limité temporairement ces effets. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence des désordres immunitaires cellulaires et humoraux et une persistance virale chez des poussins vaccinés contre le CIAV et co-infectés avec le IBDV. / Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the major causes of economic losses in the chicken industry. Vaccination is the main tool against the disease, and the susceptible birds should be vaccinated as soon as the maternal antibody (MA) becomes low enough to allow the vaccine to break through. Estimation of vaccination time is currently performed by Deventer formula which uses initial anti-IBDV titer and antibody half-life to predict the titer. Considering the increased growth rate of chicken in the last decades and the wide variations of MA, we have examined the effects of chick’s weight gain on MA decline and the use of weight in predicting IBD vaccination time. The virus neutralization test and ELISA results demonstrated that fast-growing birds had a faster rate of antibody decline whereas slow-growing birds demonstrated a slower rate. Based on the effect of weight-gain on maternal antibody decline, a new formula for predicting IBD vaccination time was introduced and tested. The predicted IBD vaccination time made by this weight formula showed higher correlation with the measured ELISA titers in the experiment. Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is another cause of immunosuppression in chicken which is characterized by increased pathogenicity of secondary infectious agents, sub-optimal antibody responses and mortality. CIAV subclinical infections can result in immunosuppression and enhancement of pathogenicity of co-infecting agents such as infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Effects of pathogenic CIAV and IBDV coinfection on chick’s health and immune responses are investigated in different studies. In this study, newly hatched specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial chicks were vaccinated with CAV-VAC® (Intervet) vaccine and /or inoculated with a low-virulent Québec isolate of IBDV at 14 days post CIAV vaccination. Inoculation of the CIAV vaccinal strain at hatch resulted in subclinical infection associated with viral persistency in spleen and thymus, alteration of thymopoiesis and transient humoral response in SPF chicks. Subclinical infection, viral persistency and lack of antibody responses were also shown in CIAV inoculated commercial chicks with high MA. Infection of the low-virulent IBDV in the CIAV vaccinated SPF chicks lead to extended viral persistence of CIAV in lymphoid organs, transient immune responses to both CIAV and IBDV, and alteration of lymphocytes subpopulation in the lymphoid organs. In the coinfected commercial chicks, presence the CIAV in the lymphoid organs was controlled by MA in the first 1-2 weeks after hatch. Thereafter, the immune disorders, viral persistence and lack of humoral responses almost similar to the coinfected SPF chicks were recorded.