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Après l’octroi des premières capitulations au début du XVIe siècle par les sultans turcs, de nombreux négociants provençaux fondent des établissement dans les principales places de commerce de l’Empire ottoman. Depuis l’Époque médiévale, celles-ci sont désignées sous le vocable d’échelles du Levant et de Barbarie. Ces termes renvoient également aux cadres juridiques développés pour organiser ce commerce international de grande ampleur. Dès lors, les marchands des échelles sont soumis à une triple contrainte résultant du droit capitulaire turc, des usages commerciaux et de la législation royale. En s’appuyant sur les capitulations qui garantissent la libre circulation des personnes et des biens sur le territoire ottoman, les négociants français développent des structures juridiques empiriques. À partir de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle, les rois de France essayent par ailleurs d’imposer une forme de dirigisme commercial, afin de subordonner l’activité économique à la politique royale et de la faire tendre vers le bien de l’État. / After the Ottoman Empire granted France access to selected markets starting in the 16th century, a large number of merchants of Provence established selling agents in the main trading ports of Levant. Since the Medieval period these ports had been called échelles of Levant, in the Middle East, and échelles of Barbary, in North Africa. These terms are also used to name the legal framework governing the international trade with these regions. Since then, the merchants of this marketplaces had to meet three kinds of regulations : local commercial law, regulations from the Turkish administration and regulations from the French Royal administration. French merchants developed new forms of enterprise based on the capitulations that ensured free movement of people and goods within the Ottoman territory. From the second half of the 17th century, the French royal administration tried to implement an interventionist policy in an attempt to control the trade and benefit from it.

This thesis aims to analyze the contributions of the Ottoman Empire to the construction of modern Europe in the early modern period. Conventional historiography generally argues that the Ottoman Empire contributed to the emergence of the modern European identity only through acting as the &amp / #8216 / other&amp / #8217 / of Europe. This thesis, however, aims to show that such an analysis is not enough to understand the Ottoman impact on the European state system. Moreover, it argues that the Ottoman Empire contributed to the construction of this system both politically and economically. By depriving the Habsburg Empire of dominating whole continent, Ottoman Empire helped the proto-modern centralizing states, i.e. England, France and the Netherlands, and Protestantism to survive the suppression of the Habsburgs. On the other hand, by granting capitulations to these European states, it contributed to the economies of these states in a way that they could be able to develop their emerging capitalist economies. In all, this thesis concludes that the Ottoman Empire was not a passive actor and an outsider to the European system, acted only as a counter-reference point in the formation of the European identity / rather, it actively involved in the European politics and economics as an active actor.