This thesis offers a new understanding of the reign of the Emperor Julian, using as a heuristic tool the Christian theological concept of recapitulation (anacephalaiosis/recapitulatio). Recapitulation encompasses similitudo, iteratio, and restitutio: in Christian thought, Adam is the similitudo of Christ, Christ reiterates Adam’s wrong acts for the purpose of setting them right, overwriting the narrative of his failure, and Christ’s work has the goal of restoration of humanity to God’s friendship. The thesis shows that Julian's imperial programme is illuminated when viewed in similar terms, with the substitution of his uncle Constantine for Adam. The Emperor Constantine had overwritten the narratives of his own political and religious opponents, while Eusebius of Caesarea had portrayed Constantine as a mimetic Christ-figure. The thesis uses the evidence of Julian's writings, above all his Oration VII ‘To the Cynic Heracleios’ to argue that Julian himself also adopted this approach and co-opted the Christian language of recapitulation, narrating Constantine’s career as one of religious apostasy which needed to be set right by his own reversal of Constantine's actions and consequent restoration of the empire to friendship with the gods. Julian cast Constantine as the failed representative who apostatised from Helios and himself as the son of Helios and the divinely chosen representative who would act as saviour for the empire. In this oration, Julian also outlined his role as a new Heracles, sent by his father Helios to be the saviour of the world. In the same work, he criticised Constantine's desecration of pagan religious places. Both literary and material evidence indicate Julian responded in kind with building programs designed to support a pagan revival: the thesis demonstrates that his activities in Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Antioch in particular show a systematic programme of reversal and restoration. Julian's letters to his priests indicate his plans to supplant Christianity's ecclesiastical structure, clerical instructions, and charitable activities. Bringing this theological concept to bear on a series of texts more often considered by classicists than theologians offers, it is hoped, a richer understanding of Julian’s response to Constantine and Christianisation.

Canadian artist Sveva Caetani was born in Rome in 191 7 and emigrated to Canada in 192 1 with her parents, Leone Caetani and Ofelia Fabiani. The family settled in Vernon, B.C. where Caetani was to remain until her death in 1994. Between the years of 1975 and 1992, Caetani produced a series of 56 watercolour paintings entitled Recapitulation that recounts the story of her life. Drawing on Dante's Divine Comedy as a model for the overarching format of the series, Caetani adopts the role of a pilgrim on a spiritual journey. Just as Dante called on Virgil to act as his guide, Caetani calls on her father to accompany her on her personal journey. By establishing a voice that bears witness to the tragic circumstances of her life, Sveva Caetani reconnects with her past in order to alter the shape of memory. The evidence Caetani offers is her own life and the country of her imagination; the extraordinary life of a woman and the separate life as a writerlartist. She draws us into personal memory and family history, weaving autobiography into analysis.

This study highlights aspects of performance for the consideration of the pianist wishing to perform Rachmaninoff’s second piano sonata op. 36, using a combination of the two versions (1913 and 1931) published by Boosey&Hawkes. By providing a background to the composition, revision, and structure of this sonata, the study aims to inspect all aspects of the conception and revision of the work. Through a close examination of two recordings of this sonata - by Vladimir Horowitz and Van Cliburn - the study analyses and compares the performers’ choices regarding the selection and combination of material from the two versions for performance. Aspects such as technical difficulty, texture, structure and sonority are highlighted as points for the pianist to contemplate when attempting an alternative version of this work. These elements of successful performance are singled out by the detailed observation of the material selected by the performers, with conjectures as to the most probable reason for its selection. The various analyses and comparisons are illustrated by means of music examples. / Dissertation (MMus (Performing Arts))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Music / MMus / unrestricted

Lianas de Bignoniaceae são reconhecidas por apresentarem uma variação cambial em seus caules, que promove a formação de cunhas de floema que interrompem o xilema. Uma grande diversidade de formas anatômicas foram descritas para esta variação, assim como o floema resultante dela também foi descrito como sendo distinto do floema normal presente concomitantemente nestes caules. Entretanto, nada se sabe sobre a origem, evolução e diversificação das características anatômicas neste grupo. Por essa razão, o presente estudo teve como objetivo uma análise anatômica dos caules de Bignonieae num contexto filogenético, com o intuito de lançar hipóteses para a evolução da diversidade anatômica na tribo. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise anatômica caulinar de 54 espécies de Bignonieae, representantes dos 21 gêneros atualmente reconhecidos. Nossos resultados apontam que, não obstante a grande diversidade anatômica presente nos caules de Bignonieae, todas compartilham estágios comuns de desenvolvimento, seguidos de adições terminais que promoveram o aumento da complexidade em seus caules. Além disso, vimos que as diferenças entre o floema normal e o variante tem aumentado ao longo da evolução e está presente em todos os tipos celulares do floema. Vimos ainda que o floema secundário em Bignonieae evolui em direções opostas em diferentes linhagens da tribo, evidenciando que a evolução do floema não segue uma única direção, mas várias. Por fim, este estudo demonstra que análises anatômicas dentro de um contexto filogenético são primordiais por permitirem um maior entendimento dos processos que promoveram a evolução e diversificação dos grupos. / Lianas in Bignoniaceae are well known for presenting a cambial variant in their stems, which develops into phloem wedges that deep furrows the xylem. An enormous diversity of anatomical forms were described as resulting from this cambial variant, as well as the phloem produced by the cambial variant was described as being distinct from the regular phloem concurrently present in these stems. However, nothing is known about the origin, evolution, and diversification of the anatomical traits in this group. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide an anatomical analysis of the stems of Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) within a phylogenetic framework, in order to address questions on the evolution of anatomical diversity in this tribe. For that reason, here we analyzed the stems of 54 species of Bignonieae, representative of the 21 genera currently known for the tribe. Our results show that, despite the great anatomical diversity present in the stems of Bignonieae, all of them share common developmental stages, which are then followed by subsequent terminal additions that are though to have promoted an augment in the complexity of these stems. Furthermore, our results indicate that the differences found between regular and variant phloem is increasing along time and is present in all cell types of the phloem. Moreover, we found that the secondary phloem in Bignonieae is evolving in opposite directions in distinct lineages of the tribe, evidencing that the evolution of the phloem is not constraint to a single line of specialization. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of anatomical analyses within a phylogenetic framework, allowing for the detection of the processes that have been involved in the evolution and diversification of plant groups.

Lianas de Bignoniaceae são reconhecidas por apresentarem uma variação cambial em seus caules, que promove a formação de cunhas de floema que interrompem o xilema. Uma grande diversidade de formas anatômicas foram descritas para esta variação, assim como o floema resultante dela também foi descrito como sendo distinto do floema normal presente concomitantemente nestes caules. Entretanto, nada se sabe sobre a origem, evolução e diversificação das características anatômicas neste grupo. Por essa razão, o presente estudo teve como objetivo uma análise anatômica dos caules de Bignonieae num contexto filogenético, com o intuito de lançar hipóteses para a evolução da diversidade anatômica na tribo. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise anatômica caulinar de 54 espécies de Bignonieae, representantes dos 21 gêneros atualmente reconhecidos. Nossos resultados apontam que, não obstante a grande diversidade anatômica presente nos caules de Bignonieae, todas compartilham estágios comuns de desenvolvimento, seguidos de adições terminais que promoveram o aumento da complexidade em seus caules. Além disso, vimos que as diferenças entre o floema normal e o variante tem aumentado ao longo da evolução e está presente em todos os tipos celulares do floema. Vimos ainda que o floema secundário em Bignonieae evolui em direções opostas em diferentes linhagens da tribo, evidenciando que a evolução do floema não segue uma única direção, mas várias. Por fim, este estudo demonstra que análises anatômicas dentro de um contexto filogenético são primordiais por permitirem um maior entendimento dos processos que promoveram a evolução e diversificação dos grupos. / Lianas in Bignoniaceae are well known for presenting a cambial variant in their stems, which develops into phloem wedges that deep furrows the xylem. An enormous diversity of anatomical forms were described as resulting from this cambial variant, as well as the phloem produced by the cambial variant was described as being distinct from the regular phloem concurrently present in these stems. However, nothing is known about the origin, evolution, and diversification of the anatomical traits in this group. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide an anatomical analysis of the stems of Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) within a phylogenetic framework, in order to address questions on the evolution of anatomical diversity in this tribe. For that reason, here we analyzed the stems of 54 species of Bignonieae, representative of the 21 genera currently known for the tribe. Our results show that, despite the great anatomical diversity present in the stems of Bignonieae, all of them share common developmental stages, which are then followed by subsequent terminal additions that are though to have promoted an augment in the complexity of these stems. Furthermore, our results indicate that the differences found between regular and variant phloem is increasing along time and is present in all cell types of the phloem. Moreover, we found that the secondary phloem in Bignonieae is evolving in opposite directions in distinct lineages of the tribe, evidencing that the evolution of the phloem is not constraint to a single line of specialization. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of anatomical analyses within a phylogenetic framework, allowing for the detection of the processes that have been involved in the evolution and diversification of plant groups.

Atonement theories have great implications for the soteriological paradigms associated with them, but their significance has not always been recognized in the formulation of theological systems, the lack of dogmatic definition by ecumenical council encouraging diversification and isolation from other doctrinal loci. The strongest coherence between an atonement model and soteriology can be seen in the reformed tradition, and its theory of penal substitution has become the standard accepted by many non-reformed protestant groups, including classical pentecostalism. Tensions persist in the theological system of pentecostalism because of its pairing of penal substitution with the soteriological paradigm of its foundational symbol of faith, the full gospel of Jesus as savior, sanctifier, baptizer with the Spirit, healer, and coming king. This vision of salvation is broader than that of protestant orthodoxy, which through its atonement theory deleteriously separates the death of Christ from his work in life and strictly limits the subjects and nature of salvation, specifically to addressal of elect individuals’ sins. It is proposed that this tension within the pentecostal system be relieved not through a reduction of its soteriology but a retrieval of the Christus victor model, the atonement theory of the ancient and Eastern church. As reintroduced to the Western church by G. Aulén, this model interprets the saving work of Christ along two lines: recapitulation, the summing up and saving of humanity via the incarnation, and ransom, the deliverance of humanity from the hostile powers holding it in bondage. In a contemporary, pentecostal appropriation of this model, aid is taken from K. Barth’s concept of nothingness to partially demythologize the cosmic conflict of the Bible, and pentecostalism reinvigorates the Eastern paradigm of salvation as theosis or Christification via the expectation of the replication of Christ’s ministry in the Christian. The study shows Christus victor can give a more stable base for a broader soteriology that is concerned with the holistic renewal of the human person. To demonstrate the developed model’s vigor and applicability beyond pentecostalism, the study closes by bringing it into conversation with the concerns of three contemporary theological movements. / Philosophy & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

This thesis has two aims. Firstly, in order to answer the question, ‘In what sense do people see Mary as a type of the Church?’, this thesis will set up original typological models of the relationship between Mary and the Church (chapter 1). It will then demonstrate how and why an eschatological element came to be present in these models (chapter 2).It will be a contention of this thesis that looking at the Mario-ecclesial discussions set out in chapters 3 and 4 through these typological models will allow a greater depth of analysis. The models allow one to discern differences between and nuances in various views of the relationship between Mary and the Church that would be impossible to discern if one were using just the language of ‘type’. Secondly the thesis will show how each Mario-ecclesial discussion has been affected by the socio-political context of the time. Specifically, the thesis will analyse the Mario-ecclesial discussions of the patristic, medieval and modern periods in the light of the typological models. In chapter 1, the patristic Mario-ecclesiologies of Irenaeus and Ambrose will be considered. In chapter 2, Bernard of Clairvaux will be used to analyse the eschatological nature of the Mario-ecclesiology in the medieval period. In chapter 3, the contrasting Mario-ecclesiologies of the Second Vatican Council and Hans Urs von Balthasar will be compared. In chapter 4, it will be suggested that John Paul’s model of the Mario-ecclesial relationship was based on his eschatological vision for the Church and the role that Mary plays in that future which is both imminent and already realised. This thesis will demonstrate that by using the typological models in these periods a greater depth of analysis can be achieved. This will be particularly true of the complex and nuanced discussions on Mary in the Roman Catholic Church in the twentieth century. This analysis will culminate in the particular Mariology of John Paul II.

Atonement theories have great implications for the soteriological paradigms associated with them, but their significance has not always been recognized in the formulation of theological systems, the lack of dogmatic definition by ecumenical council encouraging diversification and isolation from other doctrinal loci. The strongest coherence between an atonement model and soteriology can be seen in the reformed tradition, and its theory of penal substitution has become the standard accepted by many non-reformed protestant groups, including classical pentecostalism. Tensions persist in the theological system of pentecostalism because of its pairing of penal substitution with the soteriological paradigm of its foundational symbol of faith, the full gospel of Jesus as savior, sanctifier, baptizer with the Spirit, healer, and coming king. This vision of salvation is broader than that of protestant orthodoxy, which through its atonement theory deleteriously separates the death of Christ from his work in life and strictly limits the subjects and nature of salvation, specifically to addressal of elect individuals’ sins. It is proposed that this tension within the pentecostal system be relieved not through a reduction of its soteriology but a retrieval of the Christus victor model, the atonement theory of the ancient and Eastern church. As reintroduced to the Western church by G. Aulén, this model interprets the saving work of Christ along two lines: recapitulation, the summing up and saving of humanity via the incarnation, and ransom, the deliverance of humanity from the hostile powers holding it in bondage. In a contemporary, pentecostal appropriation of this model, aid is taken from K. Barth’s concept of nothingness to partially demythologize the cosmic conflict of the Bible, and pentecostalism reinvigorates the Eastern paradigm of salvation as theosis or Christification via the expectation of the replication of Christ’s ministry in the Christian. The study shows Christus victor can give a more stable base for a broader soteriology that is concerned with the holistic renewal of the human person. To demonstrate the developed model’s vigor and applicability beyond pentecostalism, the study closes by bringing it into conversation with the concerns of three contemporary theological movements. / Philosophy and Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the first movements of Sergei Bortkiewicz's two piano sonatas and compare them with works by other composers that may have served as compositional models. More specifically, the intention is to examine the role of the subdominant key in the recapitulation and trace possible inspirations and influences from the Classical and Romantic styles, including Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert. The dissertation employs Schenkerian analysis to elucidate the structure of Bortkiewicz's movements. In addition, the first movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata K. 545, Beethoven's Coriolan Overture, and the first movement of Schubert's "Trout" Quintet in A, D. 667, are examined in order to illuminate the similarities and differences between the use of the subdominant recapitulation by these composers and Bortkiewicz.