Catalisadores de ouro tem despertado bastante interesse nos últimos anos devido à elevada seletividade apresentada na hidrogenação de moléculas multifuncionais, proporcionando assim uma síntese química mais limpa. No entanto, esses catalisadores exibem uma atividade muito menor do que os metais do grupo VIII, devido à sua capacidade limitada de dissociar H2. O paládio tem sido frequentemente combinado ao ouro para atuar em reações de hidrogenações catalíticas, devido à sua elevada capacidade de adsorver e dissociar o hidrogênio molecular, resultando em catalisadores bimetálicos AuPd que muitas vezes apresentam desempenhos catalíticos superiores aos seus homólogos monometálicos. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a ativação de nanopartículas de ouro para reações de hidrogenação pela adição de paládio, considerando a influência de ligantes estabilizantes presentes na superfície do ouro. Os catalisadores monometálicos Auw/TiO2 e Au/TiO2 foram sintetizados através da imobilização de nanopartículas pré-formadas na ausência e presença de excesso de estabilizantes (oleilamina ou hexilamina) provenientes da síntese, respectivamente. Seguindo o mesmo princípio também foram obtidos monometálicos Pd/TiO2. Catalisadores bimetálicos Auw@Pdx/TiO2 e Au@Pdx/TiO2 foram obtidos através da adição de quantidades crescentes de Pd sobre os monometálicos de ouro. Os catalisadores monometálicos apresentaram desempenhos catalíticos inferiores aos respectivos bimetálicos. Estudos iniciais na reação de hidrogenação de ciclohexeno foram fundamentais para compreender a influência da composição e do estabilizantes nas diferentes reações de hidrogenação nas quais os materiais foram aplicados. Os catalisadores livres de ligantes se mostraram ativos nesta reação, Auw@Pdx/TiO2, sendo observado um aumento da atividade à medida que a quantidade de paládio se tornava crescente, alcançando um máximo com 20% de Pd (Auw@Pd0,2/TiO2), seguida de uma diminuição da atividade com a adição de porcentagens maiores. Assim, concluiu-se que a presença de sítios de Au e Pd, além da ausência de excesso de ligantes na superfície, são significativamente importantes para tornar ativos os catalisadores Auw@Pdx/TiO2. Os catalisadores bimetálicos com ligantes na superfície, que apresentaram pior desempenho na hidrogenação de alquenos, mostraram-se promissores na semi-hidrogenação de alquinos. O catalisador contendo 1% de Pd (Au@Pd0,01/TiO2), ao ser empregado na hidrogenação de fenilacetileno, apresentou 100% de conversão e seletividades a estireno > 90%. Ao serem adicionadas porcentagens de Pd ≥ 3%, a seletividade a estireno diminui significativamente. Esta também foi alterada ao variar a quantidade de ligante (alquilamina) na superfície do catalisador bimetálico e independe do tamanho da cadeia orgânica do ligante empregado. Finalmente, podemos concluir que sistemas catalíticos altamente ativos e seletivos podem ser obtidos controlando a quantidade de paládio adicionado ao ouro, mas a presença de ligantes estabilizantes também tem influência e não pode ser negligenciada. / Over the past few years, gold catalysts have aroused great interest among researchers due to an enhanced selectivity exhibited in the hydrogenation of multifunctional molecules, enabling greener chemical synthesis. Nevertheless, since gold has a very limited ability to dissociate molecular hydrogen, these catalysts show lower activity compared to group VIII metals. Palladium has been widely used in combination with gold in catalytic hydrogenations; due to its high ability to adsorb and dissociate molecular hydrogen, the resulting bimetallic AuPd systems often show superior performance over their monometallic counterparts. The present work embodies studies on the activation of gold nanoparticles for hydrogenation reactions by adding increasing amount of palladium, considering the influence of capping ligands on the activity and selectivity exhibited by the bimetallic Au@Pd catalysts. The monometallic Auw/TiO2 and Au/TiO2 catalysts were prepared via immobilization of preformed nanoparticles in the absence and presence of excess stabilizers (oleylamine and hexylamine) used in the synthesis, respectively. Monometallic Pd/TiO2 was also synthesized following the same principle. Bimetallic catalysts Auw@Pdx/TiO2 e Au@Pdx/TiO2 were obtained by the addition of increasing amounts of Pd on the gold monometallic catalyst. The monometallic catalysts presented lower catalytic performances than the respective bimetallics. Initial studies of cyclohexene hydrogenation were instrumental to understand the influence of the composition and the presence of stabilizers in different hydrogenation reactions where the material were applied. Ligand-free catalysts were active in this reaction, Auw@Pdx/ TiO2, and an increase in activity was observed as the amount of palladium increased, reaching a maximum at 20% Pd (Auw@Pd0.2/TiO2), followed by a decrease in activity with the addition of larger percentages. Thus, it was concluded that the presence of Au and Pd sites, in addition to the absence of excess capping ligands, are significantly important in making the catalysts active. Bimetallic catalysts containing capping ligands, which presented worse performance in the hydrogenation of alkenes, showed promising results in the semi-hydrogenation of alkynes. The catalyst containing 1 wt% Pd (Au@Pd0.01/TiO2), when used in the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, reached 100% conversion and > 90% selectivity to styrene. When percentages of Pd ≥ 3 wt% were added, the selectivity to styrene decreases significantly. Selectivity was also altered by varying the amount of ligand (alkylamine) on the surface of the bimetallic catalyst and regardless the size of the organic chain. Finally, we can conclude that highly active and selective catalytic systems can be obtained by controlling the amount of added palladium on gold, but the presence of capping ligands is also importante and can not be neglected.

The cyanide ligand has frequently been used to prepare clusters with novel magnetic properties due to its ability to provide an efficient pathway for superexchange between metal centers that are bound in an end-to-end fashion. One of the common synthetic approaches in this chemistry is to design suitable cyanide containing precursors and then to react such building blocks with metal complexes consisting of accessible sites. The triphos ligand (triphos: 1,1,1-tris(diphenylphosphinomethyl)ethane) has been employed in this vein to prepare metal complexes, one of which is a five coordinate paramagnetic complex (S = 1/2) with a square pyramidal metal center, [CoII(triphos)(CN)2]. A family of molecular squares, [{MIICl2}2{CoII(triphos)(CN)2}2] (M= Mn (2), Fe (3), Co (4), Ni (5), and Zn (6)), has been synthesized by the reaction of CoII(triphos)(CN)2 and MCl2 (M= Mn, Co, Ni, Zn) or Fe4Cl8(THF)6 in CH2Cl2/EtOH mixture. A series of cyanide-bridged trinuclear complexes, {[Co(triphos)(CN)2]2 [M(MeOH)4]}(ClO4)2 ( M = Mn (7), Fe (8), Co (9), and Ni (10)) and tetranuclear complexes, {[Co(triphos)(CN)2]2[M(MeOH)4]2}(ClO4)4 ([Co2M2] M = Mn (11) and Ni (12)) have been synthesized in a similar fashion by the reaction of CoII(triphos)(CN)2 and M(ClO4)2.6H2O (M= Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) in methanol. The trinuclear compounds (7-9), and tetranuclear complexes (2-6, 11, 12), are characterized by antiferromagnetic coupling between metal centers while magnetic behavior of 10 indicates the presence of ferromagnetic interactions between the paramagnetic metal centers. Interactions between magnetic orbitals of Co(II) and M(II) ions were also investigated by means of the density functional theoretical (DFT) calculations. Another triphos containing building block, [(triphos)Re(CN)3] anion (13), has been employed to prepare derivatives of a cubic SMM cluster with four octahedral Re(II) ions and four tetrahedral Mn(II) sites bridging through cyanide ligand. The reactions of Re(II) precursor with MnI2 and solvated Mn(II) ions resulting in derivatives of Re4Mn4 cube with different ligands attached to the Mn center other than the chloride atom were reported. Our efforts on linking these cubes using organo cyanide ligands such as dicyanamide (dca) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) to form extended networks were also discussed.