No description available.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is produced in the rumen by isomerization of linoleic acid and has been shown to be anticarcinogenic. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding dietary CLA to pre-ruminant lambs or linoleic acid-rich safflower oil to weaned ruminating lambs. Fat content, CLA content and fatty acid (FA) composition of diaphragm, leg, rib, subcutaneous (SC) adipose and liver tissues were determined. The triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions of the total lipid (TL) from the diaphragm, rib and SC adipose tissues were analyzed for FA composition and FA positional distribution. The phospholipid (PL) fractions of the TL were analyzed for FA composition. The positional (PL) fractions of the TL were analyzed for FA composition. The positional distribution of FAs of liver PL was determined. Tissue fat content was affected by diet only in SC adipose tissue. Dietary supplementation with safflower oil increased the fat content of the subcutaneous adipose tissue whereas CLA supplementation resulted in decreased (P<0.05) fat content. Dietary supplementation with safflower oil increased (P<0.05) the CLA content of tissues by more than 200% whereas dietary supplementation with CLA did not affect CLA content. Positional distribution analysis indicated that CLA tends was localized to the sn-1/3 positions of TAG and the sn-2 position of the liver PL. / xiii, 74 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

This study of four domestic abattoirs in South Australia with Quality Assurance programmes in place established the size of bacterial populations that could be expected on pig carcasses on entry to abattoir dressing floors at pre-evisceration, the extent of contamination occurring during carcass dressing, and the effect of chilling on these populations. Analysis was conducted for salmonellae, Escherichia coli, Total Viable Count, and pseudomonads. Exterior swabbing was compared to swabbing of corresponding interior sites which are sterile initially. The interior swabbing sites were found to be a more reliable measure of contamination during the dressing process than the swabbing of already contaminated exterior sites. During the identification of some of the points of carcass contamination, the effectiveness of end-of-work foam cleaning programmes used at abattoir dressing floors and their relationship to the potential for airborne contamination of carcasses was examined and found to be positive. Operators' work tools and hands were identified as sources of interior carcass contamination combined with failure of operators to adhere to Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) during carcass dressing, especially those related to hand and forearm washing at appropriate times. Foot-operated full-immersion hot water units for operators' knives and steels were designed and installed at two abattoirs to give operators access to physically and biologically clean work tools throughout carcass dressing. / PhD Doctorate

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (MSc Food Sc (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of an extensive (free-range) and intensive (feedlot) production system on the consumer’s intrinsic preference cues (physical attributes, chemical composition, fatty acid profile, aroma, flavour, initial juiciness, sustained juiciness, first bite, residue, instrumental tenderness) for three muscles (Biceps femoris, Longissimus dorsi, Semimembranosus) of Dohne Merino lambs (8 months). Secondly to investigate the effect of natural exercise (grazing, extensive production systems) or restrictive movement (intensive production systems), on the muscle fiber type composition of the same lamb muscles and the subsequent effect on the meat quality characteristics. Intensively raised lambs produced carcasses with a significantly higher dressing percentage, thicker subcutaneous fat layer (13th rib and 3rd/4th lumbar vertebra) and a greater fat ratio (carcass composition). Meat of intensively raised lambs had a higher (p < 0.050) Homo-glinolenic (C20:3n6), Eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n3), Docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n3) content and n3:n6 ratio. Extensively reared lambs had a higher (p < 0.050) slaughter weight, cold carcass weight and the meat of these lambs had a higher myoglobin content. Results of this study indicate that intensively reared lambs produced meat with more favourable sensory characteristics compared to the extensive production system as well as a significant increase in sensory tenderness for Biceps femoris muscle. Overall the Biceps femoris muscle was the muscle that was primarily affected by the treatment (production systems). The Biceps femoris from intensively raised lambs contained significantly more intramuscular fat and type IIB muscle fibers whereas the Bicpes femoris of the lambs from the extensive production system contained more (p < 0.050) insoluble collagen and type I muscle fibers. During texture profile analysis (instrumental tenderness test) the Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranosus of extensively raised lambs required a higher (p < 0.050) compression force during the first cycle of compression, indicating that these muscles are tougher. The results of this study provided valuable insight into the impact of production systems on lamb meat quality and that the application of intensive production systems will increase the sensory characteristics of the selected muscles from Dohne Merino lambs, especially the tenderness of the Biceps femoris, which has a high retail value. On the other hand health conscious consumers will prefer extensively produced meat due to the favourable n3:n6 ratio, intramuscular fat content and the presences of less visible fat (subcutaneous). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie was tweedoelig en is uitgevoer op die Biceps femoris, Longissimus dorsi en Semimembranosus spiere van Dohne Merino lammers (8 maande oud). Die eerste doel van die studie was om te bepaal wat die effek van ‘n ekstensiewe (weiding) en intensiewe produksie sisteem sal wees op vleis verbruikers se algemene kwaliteit voorkeure (fisiese eienskappe, chemiese samestelling, vetsuur profile, aroma, smaak, sappigheid, taaiheid,). Tweedens om te bepaal tot watse mate natuurlike oefening, verkry deur weiding asook beperkte beweging as gevolg van voerkraal omstandighede, die spier vesel tipe samestelling sal verander en die direkte impak van die samestelling op kwaliteit eienskappe van vleis. Lammers van die intensiewe produksie sisteem het ‘n betekenisvolle verhoging in uitslagpersentasie, onderhuidse vet dikte (13de rib en 3de/4de lende werwel) en vet ratio (karkas samestelling) getoon. Die vleis van die lammers het meer (p < 0.050) C20:3n6, C20:5n3 en C22:5n3 vetsure bevat asook ‘n hoër n3:n6 ratio gehad. Lammers van die ekstensiewe produksie sisteem het ‘n betekenisvolle hoër slag en koue karkas gewig gehad. Die vleis van die lammers het meer (p < 0.050) mioglobien bevat as intensiewe lammers. Resultate van die studie dui aan dat die vleis van lammer van die intensiewe produksie sisteem meer gunstige sensories karakteristiek produseer in vergelyking met lammers van die ekstensiewe produksie sisteem, asook ‘n betekenisvolle verhoging in sensoriese sagtheid van die Biceps femoris spier. Die Biceps femoris was die spier in die studie wat die meeste geaffekteer was deur die behandeling (produksie sisteme). Die Biceps femoris spier van intensiewe lammers het meer intramuskulêre vet en tipe IIB spier vesels bevat teenoor die Biceps femoris van ekstensiewe lammers wat meer onoplosbare kollageen en tipe I spier vesels bevat het. Gedurende die tekstuur profiel analise (instrumentele sagtheid toets) het die Longissimus dorsi en Semimembranosus van ekstensiewe lammers a hoër kompressie krag vereis, wat aandui dat die spiere taaier is as die ooreenstemmende spiere van intensiewe lammers. Die resultate van die studie voorsien ons met waardevolle insig in die inpak van verskeie produksie sisteme op die kwaliteit van lams vleis. Die afleiding kan gemaak word dat die implementering van intensiewe produksie sisteem die sensoriese kwaliteit van die spiere van Dohne Merino lammers verbeter, veral die sagtheid van die Biceps femoris spier, wat ‘n hoë kommersiële waarde het. Laastens, gesondheidsbewus verbruikers sal verkies om vleis te koop van ekstensiewe lammers weens die gunstige n3:n6 ratio, spier vetinhoud en die minder sigbare vet (onderhuidse vet) op die vleis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:40Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 donini_ca_dr_jabo.pdf: 575106 bytes, checksum: 331a95e0e2de20ddd08e3df1e1f95f72 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os resíduos gerados a partir de atividades humanas que estejam relacionadas com animais representam, em determinadas circunstâncias, risco à saúde e ao ambiente, principalmente como via de transmissão de agentes infecciosos de caráter zoonótico. O objetivo deste estudo foi propor um método de análise qualitativa de risco dos resíduos de origem animal, priorizando o enfoque epidemiológico e sanitário na sua cadeia geradora. A referência teórica considerou três métodos de análise de risco que foram combinados e adaptados à harmonização das normas técnicas e legais preconizadas para o gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde. As evidências científicas indicadoras dos riscos relacionados epidemiologicamente aos resíduos de origem animal foram obtidas na revisão da literatura pertinente. Os resultados do estudo permitiram propor um método baseado no processo algoritmo heurístico não determinístico de lógica indutiva para análise de risco, onde é possível identificar perigos e julgar o grau de risco sanitário das fases críticas de relevância epidemiológica da cadeia geradora do resíduo animal. Este método orienta o julgamento e a decisão sobre o gerenciamento e a destinação final eficiente e segura. São abordados os diversos aspectos envolvidos na complexidade da geração e do gerenciamento dos resíduos de serviços de saúde, onde estão incluídos os resíduos de origem animal na categoria de serviços de saúde animal, possibilitando a extensão da abrangência do tema e da aplicabilidade do método para todas as atividades de atenção animal. / The waste generated by human activities that are related to animals may pose risks to health and environment, specially when serving as means of transmission for zoonotic infectious agents. The aim of the present study was to propose a qualitative risk assessment method for animal origin waste, putting an emphasis on epidemiologic and sanitary aspects of the generator chain. The theoretical reference considered three risk assessment methods which were combined and adapted to reconcile with legal and technical rules established for health care waste management. Scientific evidence of risks epidemiologically related to animal origin waste was obtained from relevant literature review. The results of this study allowed the proposal of a non-deterministic risk assessment heuristic algorithm process where it was possible to identify hazards and to judge the degrees of sanitary risk of critical phases of generator chain, guiding the judgment and decision concerning its management and final destination. It was also covered several complex aspects about generation and management of health care waste, including animal origin waste, allowing the use of proposed method for all types of animal health care activities.

No description available.

Neste estudo foi observada a eficiência do sistema de pré-resfriamento em imersão em água na redução da contagem de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias, coliformes totais, coliformes a 45°C e Escherichia coli presentes na carcaça de frango. Avaliou-se a contagem destes microrganismos na água do pré-chiller e chiller, e também foram controlados a temperatura da água do sistema de resfriamento, sua vazão de água de renovação, pH e nível de cloro. O trabalho foi realizado em um matadouro-frigorífico sob inspeção federal localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas amostras de carcaças em três horários representando o início, meio e final do turno de abate de oito horas sendo 270 amostras de frango antes da entrada no pré-chiller e 270 amostras após a saída do chiller. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que houve uma redução significativa (p<0,05) na contagem de mesófilos aeróbios da carcaça após passagem pela etapa de resfriamento por imersão em todos os horários de coleta. Igual resultado observou-se para a pesquisa de coliformes totais. Na pesquisa de coliformes fecais houve redução significativa (p<0,05) na segunda e terceira hora de coleta; entretanto, para a pesquisa de E. coli houve redução significativa (p<0,05) na primeira e terceira hora. / In this study, the efficacy of pre-chiller and chiller were evaluated, through the analysis of the mesophilic bacteria counting reduction, total coliforms, 45°C coliforms, and Escherichia coli present on the poultry carcass. The counting of microorganisms in the pre-chiller and chiller’s water was also evaluated, and the water temperature, the outflow, pH and the chlorine level. The study was carried out in a poultry processing plant located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Southern Brazil), under official inspection. Carcass samples were collected in three different times corresponding to beginning, middle, and ending of an eight hour processing shift. Two hundred and seventy (270) carcass samples were collected before the pre-chiller entry, while other 270 were collected after the chiller exit. The results showed that there was a significant reduction (p<0,05) in the counting of mesophilic bacteria after chiller in all sampling times. The same result was observed regarding the total coliform counting. The analysis of the 45°C coliforms indicated that there was a significant reduction (p<0,05) at second and third sample collecting times; however, a significant reduction (p<0,05) was found in the counting of E. coli at the first and third hour.

Tratamentos de descontaminação pós-processamento podem ser adotados como medida complementar às Boas Práticas de Fabricação e Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle no processo de abate para diminuir a presença de bactérias patogênicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar a eficácia antimicrobiana do ozônio aplicado em carcaças suínas durante o armazenamento na câmara fria. Foi conduzido um experimento em cinco blocos consecutivos que incluíram dois tratamentos: grupo controle (T1) constituído por oito carcaças suínas submetidas ao resfriamento (16 horas a 3°C); grupo tratamento (T2) oito carcaças suínas submetidas a dois períodos de quatro horas de aplicação de até 5 ppm de ozônio durante o período de resfriamento (16 horas a 3°C). Para geração do ozônio foi utilizado um equipamento comercial (Alvap®) com cronômetro e medidor de concentração acoplados. A aplicação do ozônio foi iniciada logo após o fechamento da câmara fria. A superfície das carcaças alocadas em cada um dos grupos de tratamento foi amostrada antes e após o período de 16 horas de resfriamento. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à contagem de mesófilos aeróbios totais e presença de Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. e Listeria sp. Isolados de Salmonella sp. e Listeria monocytogenes foram caracterizados por Eletroforese de Campo Pulsado. As médias de mesófilos aeróbios totais não diferiram significativamente (p>0,05) no grupo T1, antes e depois do resfriamento; enquanto no grupo T2 houve redução significativa (p<0,05) após o tratamento. A pesquisa de Salmonella sp. e E. coli demonstrou aumento significativo (p<0,05) no número de carcaças positivas após o resfriamento no grupo T1, enquanto não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) no grupo T2 após o tratamento. Os isolados de Salmonella sp. foram identificados como pertencentes aos seguintes sorovares: S. Derby (7), S. Typhimurium (2), S. Agona (10) e Salmonella O:4,5 (1). Todos os sorovares, exceto o último, foram encontrados tanto no grupo T1 quanto no grupo T2. Pulsotipos de S. Agona e S. Derby foram encontrados em carcaças pertencentes ao mesmo bloco do grupo T1, antes e após o resfriamento. Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos e períodos amostrados na análise de Listeria sp. Nas carcaças positivas, duas espécies foram identificadas: L. inoccua (5) e L. monocytogenes (10). Três pulsotipos foram identificados entre os isolados de L. monocytogenes, sendo que o pulsotipo mais frequente incluiu oito isolados identificados em carcaças do grupo T1 amostradas antes e após o resfriamento. Diante dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo, conclui-se que a aplicação de ozônio na câmara fria, no protocolo testado, foi capaz de reduzir o número de mesófilos aeróbios totais em carcaças suínas, entretanto não foi eficaz na redução de Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli e Listeria sp. / Decontamination post-processing treatments can be adopted as a complementary measure to Good Manufacturing Practices and Hazard Analysis and Points of Critical Control Point in slaughter process to reduce the presence of pathogenic bacteria. The objective of this study was to test the antimicrobial effectiveness of ozone applied in pig carcasses during storage in the cooler. The experiment comprised five consecutive blocks that included two treatments: control group (T1) made up of eight pig carcasses subjected to cooling (16 hours at 3°C); treatment group (T2) with eight pig carcasses subjected to two periods of four hours of application of up to 5 ppm of ozone during the cooling period (16 hours at 3°C). For ozone generation, a commercial equipment (Alvap®) with timer and monitor of concentration coupled was used. The application of ozone was initiated immediately after the closing of the cooler. The surface of the animal carcasses allocated to each treatment group was sampled before and after the 16 hour cooling. The samples were analyzed for total aerobic mesophilic count and presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp. and Listeria sp. Isolates of Salmonella sp. and Listeria monocytogenes were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. The average of total aerobic mesophilics did not significantly differ (p>0,05) before and after cooling in T1; while in the T2 group it was significantly reduced (p<0,05) after treatment. Salmonella sp. and E. coli showed a significant increase (p<0,05) in the number of positive carcasses after cooling in the T1 group, while there was no significant difference (p>0,05) in T2 after treatment. Salmonella sp. isolates were identified as belonging to the following serovars: S. Derby (7), S. Typhimurium (2), S. Agona (10) and Salmonella O:4.5 (1). All serotypes, except Salmonella O: 4.5 (1), were found in both groups. Pulsotypes of S. Agona and S. Derb were found in carcasses from a same batch of T1, before and after cooling. There was no significant difference (p>0,05) between treatments and periods of sampling regarding Listeria sp. In positive carcasses, two species were identified: L. inoccua (5) and L. monocytogenes (10). Three pulsotypes were identified among the isolates of L. monocytogenes, whereas the most frequent pulsotype included eight isolates identified in group T1 carcasses sampled before as well as after cooling. It was concluded that the tested protocol of ozone application during the cooling step is able to reduce the number of total aerobic mesophilic on pig carcasses, whereas it is not effective in reducing Salmonella sp., Escherichia coli and Listeria sp.