No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an insect pest in carrot production in Ontario. The aim of this study was to survey the egg parasitoids attacking the carrot weevil in carrot fields in Ontario, and elucidate the seasonal and chemical ecology of these natural enemies. / Field surveys were conducted during three years in commercial carrot fields in the Holland Marsh and district marshes to detect the presence of carrot weevil egg parasitoids, to determine their geographical distribution and to evaluate the effect of insecticides on the rate of emergence and the activity of parasitoid adults. Two egg parasitoids, Anaphes listronoti Huber and A. victus Huber were found. The dominant species Anaphes listronoti is gregarious, was recovered from most of the sampled fields and was distributed in all sampled marshes whereas the solitary parasitoid A. victus was only sporadically found in the Holland Marsh. These Anaphes species occurred in carrot fields from the end of April to the beginning of September and seasonal parasitism averaged 33% in commercial carrot fields and up to 79% in an untreated plot. The insecticides phosmet, diazinon and cypermethrin used in carrot production, did not affect emergence rate of parasitoid adults indicating that immature stages are protected against insecticide penetration in the host egg. However, insecticide applications decreased parasitism rates and suggest a lethal effect on parasitoid adults by direct contact and insecticide residues, although no difference was observed between treatments. / Laboratory studies were performed to determine the existence of a sexual pheromone produced by female A. listronoti using a four-arm olfactometer. An automated system of insect tracking was developed to quantify male behavior in the olfactometer. The response of males to odor emitted by virgin females less than two days of age was measured. Virgin females less than one-day-old released a long-range pheromone from 4 hours until 16 hours after the onset of the photophase. Females of one and two days of age started to emit the sexual pheromone earlier than younger females.

The total and soluble nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) components of raw, processed (canned and frozen) and home-cooked (boiled) Royal Chantenay carrots have been analyzed. NSP fractions were characterized by separation and summation of the monosaccharides resulting from acid hydrolysis of the parent polysaccharides. Total NSP was primarily composed of glucose, ~37%, and uronic acid, ~35%, containing polysaccharides. Soluble NSP was composed of >50% uronic acids. Processing and simulated home-cooking of raw carrots resulted in an increase in the amount of NSP/unit dry weight. Relative to raw carrots, cooking of canned product resulted in the largest (~2-fold) increase in total and soluble NSP/unit dry weight. Relative differences in NSP were not as great when compared on a wet weight basis. / Graduation date: 1995

Orientador: Jairo Osvaldo Cazetta / Banca: Fábio Olivieri de Nóbile / Banca: Fábio Luiz Checchio Mingotte / Resumo: Os resíduos de carvão vegetal podem ser utilizados de forma eficiente na agricultura, quando aplicados ao solo, em doses e granulometria adequadas exercem excelente desempenho aos vegetais. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar a interação entre doses e granulometrias de carvão vegetal de Eucalyptus citriodora em solo argiloso, na produção de cenoura híbrida de verão cultivar Mariana. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação na cidade de Bebedouro, SP. Com 16 tratamentos em esquema fatorial com 5x3+1, sendo 5 granulometrias (1 a 2 mm, 2 a 4 mm, 4 a 8 mm, 8 a 16 mm e 16 a 32 mm) combinadas com 3 doses (25, 50 e 75% em volume de carvão vegetal) mais controle (somente solo), com 4 repetições, em vasos de 8 litros dispostos num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Foi avaliada a retenção de água no início e final do ensaio, determinado o crescimento da parte aérea aos 30, 45, 60, 75 e 90 dias após emergência, bem como massa fresca e seca da raiz e parte aérea e dimensões das cenouras na colheita. Observou-se que o melhor desempenho das plantas ocorre na combinação de 50% (v/v) de carvão vegetal com a granulometria de 2 a 4 mm. No início do cultivo as plantas crescem melhor no solo, mas apresentam desempenho superior nos tratamentos com carvão vegetal a partir de 60 dias após emergência. / Abstract: Charcoal wastes can be used efficiently in agriculture if well managed. With this purpose, this research aimed to study the interaction between dose and size of fine coal particles in clay soil, for carrot production. The experiment was conducted with 16 treatments in a 5x3 + 1 factorial scheme (5 granulometry: 1 to 2 mm, 2 to 4 mm, 4 to 8mm, 8 to 16 mm and 16 to 32 mm, combined with 3 doses:25, 50% and 75% by volume of coal) plus control (soil only), with 4 replications. Each experimental unit was composed by a pot with 8 L capacity, and the assay was arranged in a completely randomized design. It were determined the water retention in the soil, the plants height measured at 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after plants emergence, the fresh and dry mass of the root and plant shoot and the dimensions of the carrots at harvest. It has been observed that the best performance of the plants occurs in the combination of 50% (v/v) of coal with the fraction of 2 to 4 mm particle size. Plants at initial growth phases develop better in pure soil, however in the final growth phases shows superior performance in treatments containing charcoal. / Mestre

No description available.

The Honey Sweet carrots were canned with Ethyienediamine tetracetic acid (CaNa 2 EDTA) and Sodium hexametaphosphate (Ha-HMP) at five different water hardness (0 , 20, 40, 80, 160 ppm of calcium and 20 of magnesium) , then stored at temperatures of 70 and 100 F. Evaluations were made at sixty-day i intervals for six months. Firmness and color degradation decreased significantly when water hardness or storage time increased. Under storage at 100 F and 0 hardness of water, the decrease of color and firmness was constantly accelerated. When hard water (above 80 ppm or below 40 ppm) was used for canning Van sweet cherries and Large Early Montgament apricots, the firmness , volatile reducing substances, and pH decreased. Sensory acceptability was maximum at 40 and 80 ppm. However, when either CaNa 2 EDTA or Na-HMP was used at the 500 ppm, it was found that they counteracted the effects of hard water and the quality of canned sweet cherries and apricots improved, when compared with control.

No description available.

Strains of Bacillus thuringiensis active against Coleoptera were evaluated for toxicity against the adult stage of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis. Mortality and frass bioassays using a suitable semi-artificial diet showed strains A30, A429 and BTT to be highly toxic. Mortality persisted after initial exposure to the bacteria with the survivors not resuming normal feeding. Attempts to reisolate B. thuringiensis from the insects revealed B. thuringiensis-like organisms in the gut and in/on other structures. At the midgut pH of the insect (pH 8.0), the crystals of the toxic strains were significantly more soluble in vitro than were crystals of the less toxic strain A311. Proteolytic activation of the crystals with gut extracts yielded a protein band (66-67 kDa) for strains A30 and A429 which was similar to he apparent molecular weight of the toxin protein for BTT. Evidence suggests that the low toxicity of strain A311 might be due, in part, to the absence of the toxic moiety of the $ delta$-endotoxin.