Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1934. / Chapters three and four, with minor alterations, of the author's (unprinted) work: The topography of Carthage, part I. cf. Pref. Vita. Published also without thesis note in Oriental series. Includes bibliographical references (p. 1-13).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1934. / Chapters three and four, with minor alterations, of the author's (unprinted) work: The topography of Carthage, part I. cf. Pref. Vita. Published also without thesis note in Oriental series. Includes bibliographical references (p. 1-13).

Inaug.-diss.--Rostock. / Lebenslauf. "Literaturnachweis": p. 8-10.

Inaug.-diss.--Rostock. / Lebenslauf. "Literaturnachweis": p. 8-10.

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris IV, 1987. / Summary in English.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago. / Includes bibliographical references.

Within a single year -- 146 BCE -- Roman generals had entered the cities of Carthage and Corinth and forever changed the course of Mediterranean history. Although involved in separate conflicts with Rome, these cities and their tragedies became uniquely linked, not only to each other, but also to a perceived trajectory of Rome as an imperial power. Subsequent generations have looked to 146 BCE as an important turning point, and in doing so have attached value-laden interpretations to it as a gauge on Roman imperialism. This dissertation looks at 146 BCE from a different angle, seeking to understand its significance in terms of its contemporary international context, asking how it first became viewed as a turning point. The analysis utilizes international relations theory of normative systems, focusing on collective perceptions and evolving political conceptions within an interstate cultural environment. Exploring contemporary texts and archaeological clues, it sees the second-century BCE as a period in which the Mediterranean was becoming increasingly globalized, drawn together by universalizing ideals. A framework of "Hellenistic" markers communicated networks of legitimacy, Rome being both participant and game-changer. At the same time, the international community was rife with disjunctions, which contributed to a disintegration of relations in North Africa, followed by re-eruptions of nationalistic fervor on the Greek mainland. When coupled with wider perceptions, that the oikoumene was becoming progressively interconnected and was moving toward a new juncture in world-history, the stage was set. The legal punishments to be inflicted by the Roman victor were to be viewed on a whole new plane, as reflections of a groundbreaking world-order. Romans were aware of these implications, made evident in the decisions of Scipio at Carthage, followed by Mummius at Corinth. In a rare and stunning move, both cities were decommissioned as political entities, and their tragedies linked to contemporary visions of cyclical world-history: Carthage burned in reiteration of Troy, and Corinth stripped of cultural Greek heritage. Polybius, uniquely positioned as a commentator on these outcomes, not only captured their ideological ripple effects, but also assured their direction over future generations, as a moment to color Rome as world hegemon. This dissertation looks at 146 BCE from a different angle, seeking to understand its significance in terms of its contemporary international context, asking how it first became viewed as a turning point. The analysis utilizes international relations theory of normative systems, focusing on collective perceptions and evolving political conceptions within an interstate cultural environment. Exploring contemporary texts and archaeological clues, it sees the second-century BCE as a period in which the Mediterranean was becoming increasingly globalized, drawn together by universalizing ideals. A framework of “Hellenistic” markers communicated networks of legitimacy, Rome being both participant and game-changer. At the same time, the international community was rife with disjunctions, which contributed to a disintegration of relations in North Africa, followed by re-eruptions of nationalistic fervor on the Greek mainland. When coupled with wider perceptions, that the oikoumene was becoming progressively interconnected and was moving toward a new juncture in world-history, the stage was set. The legal punishments to be inflicted by the Roman victor were to be viewed on a whole new plane, as reflections of a groundbreaking world-order. Romans were aware of these implications, made evident in the decisions of Scipio at Carthage, followed by Mummius at Corinth. In a rare and stunning move, both cities were decommissioned as political entities, and their tragedies linked to contemporary visions of cyclical world-history: Carthage burned in reiteration of Troy, and Corinth stripped of cultural Greek heritage. Polybius, uniquely positioned as a commentator on these outcomes, not only captured their ideological ripple effects, but also assured their direction over future generations, as a moment to color Rome as world hegemon. / text

Thesis--Columbia University, 1931. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-95).

Thesis--Columbia University, 1931. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-95).

Durant le premier millénaire, entre le VIIe/VIe et le IIe siècle avant Jésus-Christ, les Carthaginois ont élevé des stèles votives dans un sanctuaire à ciel ouvert. Dédiées à la dyade Baal Hamon et Tinnit Pane Baal, ces sculptures montrent sur leur surface décorée une iconographie qui se compose, en grande partie, de signes et symboles géométriques: un losange, une image céleste composée d’un disque et d’un croissant, une « idole-bouteille », le signe dit « de Tinnit » et un étendard nommé « caducée » dans la littérature. À ce jour, les informations liées à l’interprétation de ces images sont restées largement disparates et fragmentaires et aucune synthèse approfondie n’a encore été publiée à leur sujet. Afin d’aboutir à des résultats tangibles, il s’avère indispensable de mettre à plat l’ensemble des connaissances acquises sur le sujet. À cette fin, une nouvelle approche méthodologique basée sur une typologie raisonnée, c’est-à-dire diachronique et limitée à la seule métropole carthaginoise, sera mise en place. En outre, cette démarche doit être définie en adéquation avec le contexte régional tyrien, berceau de l’idéologie religieuse carthaginoise. Au-delà du rapport de ces images avec les divinités invoquées, la typologie à promouvoir doit, en même temps, nous permettre de clarifier le contexte chronologique propre à chacun de ces éléments figurés. / During the first millennium, between the VIIth/VIth and IInd century bc, the Carthaginians have erected votive stelae in an open air precinct. Dedicated to the dyad Baal Hamon and Tinnit Pane Baal, those sculptures show on their decorated surface an iconography mostly composed of geometric signs and symbols: a lozenge, a celestial pattern made up of a disk and a crescent, a “bottle idol”, the “Tinnit sign” and a standard named “caduceus” in the literature. To date, the information tied up with the interpretation of those images are largely disparate and fragmentary and no thorough synthesis has been published on their subject. In order to reach tangible results, it is necessary to gather all known data’s on the subject. To that end, a new methodological approach, based on a diachronic typology limited to the sole Carthaginian metropolis, will be put in place. Moreover, this approach must be defined in adequacy with the Tyrian regional context, cradle of the Carthaginian religious ideology. Beyond the links of those images with of the invoked divinities, the typology to promote must allow us, in the same time, to clarify the chronological context peculiar to each of the studied items. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished