Data de aprova??o retirada da vers?o impressa do trabalho. / Incluir a Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) como ag?ncia financiadora. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-12-13T16:15:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) alice_lopes_macedo.pdf: 5251789 bytes, checksum: e988c8abc173c91e128980414db14ef9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-01-03T12:17:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) alice_lopes_macedo.pdf: 5251789 bytes, checksum: e988c8abc173c91e128980414db14ef9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-03T12:17:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) alice_lopes_macedo.pdf: 5251789 bytes, checksum: e988c8abc173c91e128980414db14ef9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) / A crescente demanda global por combust?veis l?quidos para transporte, gera??o de eletricidade, atividade industrial e produ??o agropecu?ria tem imposto planejamento de a??es direcionadas ao uso de fontes ambientalmente limpas de energia. Os derivados da biomassa s?o alternativas econ?mica e tecnicamente vi?veis aos de origem f?ssil, n?o renov?vel, ora dominantes na matriz energ?tica global. O biodiesel, l?quido formado por uma mistura de ?steres de ?cidos graxos, ? adequado ? opera??o em motores de combust?o interna de ciclo Diesel, em substitui??o ou em complemento ao petrodiesel, ou em outras m?quinas t?rmicas. O prop?sito central do presente trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um catalisador s?lido economicamente vi?vel, quimicamente eficiente e ambientalmente limpo para a produ??o de biodiesel via processos de transesterifica??o de triacilglicer?is dos ?leos de maca?ba ou de soja, com metanol. Foi preparado o catalisador heterog?neo baseado em iodeto de pot?ssio impregnado em s?lica amorfa (SiO2; derivada de areia da constru??o civil) e misturada a um componente magn?tico sint?tico (maghemita, ?Fe2O3). As estruturas qu?mica, cristalogr?fica e hiperfina essenciais e as propriedades magn?ticas dos materiais precursores e do catalisador s?lido foram investigadas. O teor de ?steres e a composi??o dos biodieseis produzidos foram determinados por cromatografia de fase gasosa acoplada a espectr?metro de massa. A composi??o qu?mica do catalisador, verificada por espectroscopias de energia dispersiva sob feixe de el?trons e por fluoresc?ncia de raios X (FRX), confirmou a ocorr?ncia de Si, Fe, K, e I. As ?reas espec?ficas BET encontradas para os componentes individuais, SiO2, ?Fe2O3 e do catalisador SiO2/KI/?Fe2O3, foram 352, 102, e 19 m2 g-1, respectivamente. A significativa redu??o da ?rea espec?fica do catalisador aponta que os componentes foram efetivamente impregnados no suporte. A morfologia das part?culas visualizadas por microscopias eletr?nicas de varredura e de transmiss?o revela a textura esponjosa do catalisador SiO2/KI/?Fe2O3, similarmente ao suporte de s?lica; o ?xido de ferro magn?tico aparece como material altamente organizado, cristalino, disperso no suporte. Os dados M?ssbauer e da magnetometria do ?xido de ferro magn?tico puro e no catalisador confirmam ser a maghemita, resultando em uma magnetiza??o de satura??o do catalisador de 4,6 emu g-1. O catalisador SiO2/KI/?Fe2O3, usado na transesterifica??o de triacilglicer?is, na propor??o em massa em rela??o ao ?leo da am?ndoa de maca?ba de 4,5% e raz?o molar ?leo:metanol de 1:35, levou ? produ??o de 94,3 massa% de ?steres, ap?s 8 h de rea??o. Foi experimentalmente observado que a maghemita tem comportamento qu?mico-catal?tico sin?rgico com os demais componentes do catalisador. O SiO2/KI/?Fe2O3 foi reutilizado em seis rea??es consecutivas com ?leo de soja, na mesma propor??o do catalisador e raz?o molar ?leo:metanol de 1:35, com rendimentos de 94,5% e tempo reacional de 110 min, para o primeiro ciclo, e de 61,2% e 150 min, para o ?ltimo ciclo. O catalisador, antes e ap?s cada ciclo de reuso, e as al?quotas das rea??es foram analisados por FRX, que mostrou que n?o h? perda significativa dos componentes do catalisador. Os resultados demonstram uma perspectiva tecnol?gica que permite redu??o substantiva do volume de efluentes poluentes e utiliza??o de diferentes mat?rias-primas oleaginosas de alto potencial para a produ??o de biodiesel. / Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The global demand for liquid fuels destined to propel automobile motors and for all other types of transport has been growing significantly over the last decades in response to the needs of the population for mobility. These fuels are also necessary for the generation of electricity to support industrial and agricultural activities. However, the principal concern involved in the generation of mechanical work involves the threat that the effluents from burning fuels, particularly those from fossil origin, impart to the environment. Biomass-derived fuels are energetically, economically and environmentally interesting alternatives to the non-renewable fossil fuels, which still dominate the global energy matrix. Biodiesel, a liquid that is composed of a mixture of esters of fatty acids, is mainly suitable for use in Diesel-cycle internal combustion engines, totally replacing or partially complementing petrodiesel. The main purpose of the present work was the development of an economically viable, environmentally clean and chemically efficient solid catalyst for the production of biodiesel via the transesterification reaction of triacylglycerols from maca?ba or soybean oil with methanol. The proposed heterogeneous catalyst was based on potassium iodide-impregnated particles of amorphous silica (SiO2; derived from construction sand) mixed with a synthetic magnetic iron oxide (maghemite, ?Fe2O3). The essential chemical, crystallographic and hyperfine structures and magnetic properties of the starting materials and of the solid catalyst mixture were assessed by physical laboratory techniques. The ester content and the chemical composition of the biodiesel produced were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The chemical composition of the catalyst, as determined by electron energy dispersive and X-ray fluorescence (FRX) spectroscopies, confirmed the occurrence of Si, Fe, K, and I. Specific BET surface areas for the SiO2 and ?Fe2O3 components and for the SiO2/KI/?Fe2O3 catalyst were found to be 352; 102 and 19 m2 g-1, respectively. The significant reduction in the specific area of the catalyst indicates that the solid components were intimately mixed and that KI was indeed impregnated on the support. The morphology of the particles, as visualized from the scanning and transmission electron microscopy images, reveals the spongy texture of the SiO2/KI/?Fe2O3 catalyst, which was quite similar to that of the initial silica support. The atomic framework of the magnetic iron oxide appeared to be a highly organized, crystalline nano-material, relatively well dispersed on the silica support. The M?ssbauer and magnetometric data for the pure magnetic iron oxide and for the catalyst confirm that the component is essentially maghemite. The resulting saturation magnetization of the catalyst mixture was 4.6 emu g-1. From the chemical point of view, this maghemite was found to act synergically with the other components of the catalyst and to significantly improve its catalytic activity. The transesterification reaction of triacylglycerols using the SiO2/KI/?Fe2O3 catalyst at a mass ratio corresponding to 4.5 mass% relative to the maca?ba kernel oil and a methanol:oil molar ratio 30:1 yielded 94.3 mass% of esters after 8 h of reaction. The SiO2/KI/?Fe2O3 catalyst was reused for six consecutive transesterification reactions of triacylglicerols in soybean oil employing the same mass proportion of the catalyst and a methanol:oil molar ratio 35:1. A 94.5% yield of esters was obtained after 110 min of reaction in the first cycle, and a 61.2% yield was obtained in the last reaction cycle after 150 min. The compositions of the catalyst before and after each reaction cycle, along with detection of residual chemical elements in the liquid mixture of esters formed, were duly monitored by FRX. There was no significant leaching of the catalyst components during the reactions. These results open a perspective for (i) a substantial reduction in the volume of polluting effluents and (ii) the use bio-oils from native Brazilian flora (maca?ba) as raw materials for the industrial production of biodiesel.

?rea de concentra??o: Produtos e coprodutos. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-06-22T19:43:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) barbara_goncalves_rocha.pdf: 2671242 bytes, checksum: 17dfa18bc6c5622c294695227a582c58 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-07-18T12:29:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) barbara_goncalves_rocha.pdf: 2671242 bytes, checksum: 17dfa18bc6c5622c294695227a582c58 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-18T12:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) barbara_goncalves_rocha.pdf: 2671242 bytes, checksum: 17dfa18bc6c5622c294695227a582c58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / A diversifica??o da matriz energ?tica, por raz?es econ?micas, ambientais e da pr?pria pol?tica energ?tica das na??es, tem suscitado foco especial nos biocombust?veis, particularmente no bioetanol e no biodiesel. Na ind?stria, o biodiesel (?steres de ?cidos graxos com um ?lcool de cadeia molecular curta) ?, mais comumente, produzido pela transesterifica??o de triacilglicer?is de ?leos vegetais ou gordura animal, com metanol ou etanol, sob cat?lise homog?nea com uma base (KOH ou NaOH). Por representarem alternativas potencialmente mais sustent?veis, dos pontos de vistas econ?micos e ambientais, o presente trabalho foi dedicado a avaliar a efici?ncia qu?mica de catalisadores heterog?neos baseados em materiais de min?rios: (i) de ni?bio, enriquecido em Nb2O5 (Geo.Nb2O5); (ii) de areia monaz?tica (Geo.Mona), uma fonte mineral de terras raras, e (iii) de rejeitos de minera??o de fosfato, ricos em magnetita (Geo.Mag.CMT e Geo.Mag.CMA). Os materiais minerais foram preparados em mistura com componentes ?cidos (H2SO4; HCl ou HF) ou b?sicos (KOH; , KBr, NaOH; CaO; KI; KF ou KCl). As rea??es de transesterifica??o foram conduzidas sob refluxo, com ?leo de soja comercial e metanol, sob a??o dos catalisadores s?lidos. A raz?o molar padr?o ?leo:metanol foi de 1:100, com 10% de catalisador em rela??o ao ?leo, a 60 ?C. Dos testes realizados com os materiais preparados com CaO sint?tico comercial, nas mesmas condi??es, a mistura calcinada a 800 ?C por 4 h rendeu ?steres met?licos sempre acima de 99%; o menor tempo de rea??o (2 h, para completar a transesterifica??o) foi conseguido com o catalisador baseado na Geo.Mona, em rela??o ao Geo.Nb2O5 (5 h), ao Geo.Mag.CMT (3 h) e o Geo.Mag.CMA tamb?m (2 h). Analisou-se o reuso consecutivo do catalisador. Ap?s cada rea??o, o catalisador s?lido era lavado com metanol e seco a 100 oC. O melhor resultado foi obtido com o rejeito magn?tico com CaO calcinados a 200 ?C por 4 h, para o que se conseguiu at? 8 rea??es consecutivas. Nas impregna??es com ?cidos e bases, os melhores resultados foram com a mistura Geo.Nb2O5 e KOH calcinada a 600 ?C, para a qual conseguiu 8 rea??es consecutivas, com rendimento qu?mico em ?steres met?licos de praticamente 100% e tempo reacional de 10 min, no primeiro uso. O efeito catal?tico sin?rgico mais significativo foi conseguido com o catalisador baseado em cada um dos tr?s materiais avaliados em mistura com CaO: nenhum efeito catal?tico significativo na rea??o de transesterifica??o de triacilglcier?is do ?leo foi observado apenas com o material mineral puro calcinado. O CaO puro como catalisador, tamb?m calcinado e usado em rea??o, levou a rendimentos qu?micos pouco acima de 80%. A mistura individual do material mineral com CaO, nas mesmas condi??es de prepara??o anteriores, levaram a rendimentos qu?micos de efetivamente 100%. Os presentes resultados revelam a excepcional potencialidade, dos pontos de vista qu?mico, econ?mico e ambiental, dos catalisadores mistos, dos materiais minerais com CaO, ora avaliados, nos processos de produ??o industrial de biodiesel. / Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The diversification of the energy matrix has been drawing special attention to biofuels, especially bioethanol and biodiesel, mainly for economic and environmental reasons and national energy policies. In industry, biodiesel (esters of fatty acids with a short-chain alcohols) is most commonly produced by the transesterification of triacylglycerols in vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol or ethanol using homogeneous catalysis with a base (KOH or NaOH). The present work was devoted to the evaluation of the chemical efficiency of heterogeneous catalysts based on mineral materials: (i) niobium, enriched in Nb2O5 (Geo.Nb2O5); (ii) monazite sand (Geo.Mona), a mineral source of rare earths, and (iii) phosphate mining tailings, rich in magnetite (Geo.Mag.CMT e Geo.Mag.CMA). The mineral materials were prepared in admixture with acidic (H2SO4, HCl or HF) or basic (KOH, KBr, NaOH, CaO, KI, KF or KCl) components. The transesterification reactions were conducted under reflux with commercial soybean oil and methanol in the presence of the solid catalysts. The standard molar ratio of oil:methanol was 1:100, using 10% catalyst relatively to the quantity of oil, at 60 ?C. According to the tests performed with the materials prepared with commercial synthetic CaO under the same conditions, the yield of methyl esters with the mixture calcined at 800 ?C for 4 h was always greater than 99%. The shortest reaction time (2 h to complete the transesterification) was achieved with the Geo.Mona catalyst; the reaction times with Geo.Nb2O5 (5 h), the Geo.Mag.CMT (3 h) and the Geo.Mag.CMA also (2 h) were longer. The consecutive reuse of the catalyst was also verified. After each reaction, the solid catalyst was washed with methanol and dried at 100 ?C. The best result was obtained with the magnetic waste with CaO calcined at 200 ?C for 4 h, with which up to eight consecutive reactions were achieved. On impregnating with acids or bases, the best results are obtained with the Geo.Nb2O5 and KOH mixture calcined at 600 ?C, with which eight consecutive reactions were completed. Virtually 100% yields of methyl esters were obtained in a reaction time of 10 min in the first use. The most significant synergistic catalytic effect was achieved with each of the three minerals mixed with CaO. No significant catalytic effect on the transesterification reaction of triacylglycerols in the oil was observed with the pure calcined minerals. When the calcined CaO is used alone as catalyst, the reaction yielded just over 80%. For the mixture of the individual minerals with CaO under the same preparation conditions described above, the transesterification reaction led to virtually 100% yields. The present results reveal an outstanding potential regarding the chemical, economic and environmental aspects of the mixed catalysts (the mineral material with CaO) for chemical processes leading to the industrial production of biodiesel.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulioCTS_DISSERT.pdf: 2360843 bytes, checksum: 9fc8ef936717b3177303c0d0bd2e0718 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / It is known that the head office world energetics is leaning in the fossil fuels. However, the world panorama is changing quickly, for linked reasons to three of the humanity's great concerns in that century beginning: environment, global economy and energy. The biodiesel production is based on the transesterifica??o of vegetable oils or animal fats, using catalysts homogeneous or heterogeneous. The process of heterogeneous transesterifica??o presents lower conversions in comparison with the homogeneous, however, it doesn't present corrosion problems and it reduces to the occurrence of parallel reactions as saponification. In this sense, this work has for purpose the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst, KNO3/Al2O3, that soon afterwards was used in the reaction of transesterifica??o of the oil of the Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). The solid materials (it supports and catalyst) they were analyzed by diffraction of ray-X (XRD) and electronic microscope of sweeping (MEV). After the analysis of Al2O3, a structure monophase amorphous tetragonal was verified, with characteristic patterns of that material, what could not be visualized in the difratograma of the catalyst. The biodiesel obtained with 4% wt. of KNO3/Al2O3 it was what obtained a better cinematic viscosity 8,3 mm2/s, comparing with the norms of ANP, and it also presented the best conversion tax in ethyl ?steres, in accordance with the quantitative measure starting from TG, that was of 60%. While the biodiesel with 6% wt. and with 8% wt. of KNO3/Al2O3 it was it that no transesterificou, because it was observed in the analysis termogravim?trica of those two materials, a single thermal event, that it corresponds the decomposition or volatilization of the triglycerides / Sabe-se que a matriz energ?tica mundial est? apoiada nos combust?veis f?sseis. No entanto, o panorama mundial est? mudando rapidamente, por motivos ligados a tr?s das grandes preocupa??es da humanidade nesse in?cio de s?culo: meio ambiente, economia global e energia. A produ??o de biodiesel ? baseada na transesterifica??o de ?leos vegetais ou gorduras animais, utilizando catalisadores homog?neos ou heterog?neos. O processo de transesterifica??o heterog?nea apresenta convers?es mais baixas em compara??o com o homog?neo, por?m, n?o apresenta problemas de corros?o e reduz ? ocorr?ncia de rea??es paralelas como saponifica??o. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por finalidade a s?ntese de um catalisador heterog?neo, o KNO3/Al2O3, que em seguida foi utilizado na rea??o de transesterifica??o do ?leo da Helianthus annuus L.(girassol). Os materiais s?lidos (suporte e catalisador) foram analisados por difra??o de raios-X (DRX) e microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura (MEV). Ap?s a an?lise da Al2O3, foi constatada uma estrutura monof?sica tetragonal amorfa, com padr?es caracter?sticos desse material, o que pode ser visualizado no difratograma do catalisador. O biodiesel obtido com 4% m/m de KNO3/Al2O3 foi o que obteve uma melhor viscosidade cinem?tica 8,3 mm2/s, comparando com as normas da ANP, e tamb?m apresentou a melhor taxa de convers?o em ?steres et?licos, em conformidade com a medida quantitativa a partir da TG, que foi de 60%. Enquanto o biodiesel com 6% m/m e com 8% m/m de KNO3/Al2O3 foi o que n?o transesterificou, pois foi observado na an?lise termogravim?trica desses dois materiais, um ?nico evento t?rmico, que corresponde a decomposi??o ou volatiliza??o dos triglicer?deos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ViniciusPSC_DISSERT.pdf: 2657914 bytes, checksum: beb97c8aaf506ef6b97930de865d3dd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The catalytic processes play a vital role in the worldwide economy, a business that handles about US$ 13 billion per year because the value of products depends on the catalytic processes, including petroleum products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, synthetic rubbers and plastics, among others. The zeolite ZSM-5 is used as catalyst for various reactions in the area petrochemical, petroleum refining and fine chemicals, especially the reactions of cracking, isomerization, alkylation, aromatization of olefins, among others. Many researchers have studied the hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 free template and they obtained satisfactory results, so this study aims to evaluate the hydrothermal synthesis and the physicochemical properties of ZSM-5 with the presence and absence of template compared with commercial ZSM-5. The methods for hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite ZSM-5 are of scientific knowledge, providing the chemical composition required for the formation of zeolitic structure in the presence and absence of template. Samples of both zeolites ZSM-5 in protonic form were obtained by heat treatment and ion exchange, according to procedures reported in the literature. The sample of commercial ZSM-5 was acquired by the company Sentex Industrial Ltda. All samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, FTIR, TG / DTG / DSC, N2 adsorption and desorption and study of acidity by thermo-desorption of probe molecule (n-butylamine), in order to understand their physicochemical properties. The efficiency of the methods applied in this work and reported in the literature has been proved by well-defined structure of ZSM-5. According as the evaluation of physicochemical properties, zeolite ZSM-5 free template becomes promising for application in the refining processes or use as catalytic support, since its synthesis reduces environmental impacts and production costs / Os processos catal?ticos desempenham um papel vital na economia mundial, um neg?cio que movimenta aproximadamente US$13 bilh?es por ano, pois o valor dos produtos depende dos processos catal?ticos, incluindo os produtos petrol?feros, qu?micos, farmac?uticos, borrachas sint?ticas e pl?sticos, entre outros. A ze?lita ZSM-5 ? utilizada como catalisador em rea??es nas ?reas petroqu?mica, petrol?fera e qu?mica fina, destacando-se as rea??es de craqueamento, isomeriza??o, alquila??o, aromatiza??o de olefinas, entre outras. Muitos pesquisadores t?m estudado a s?ntese hidrot?rmica da ze?lita ZSM-5 ausente de direcionador org?nico estrutural e obtiveram resultados satisfat?rios, assim, este estudo visa avaliar a s?ntese hidrot?rmica e as propriedades f?sico-qu?micas da ZSM-5 com a presen?a e aus?ncia de direcionador org?nico estrutural, em compara??o com ZSM-5 comercial. Os m?todos para a s?ntese hidrot?rmica da ze?lita ZSM-5 s?o de conhecimento cient?fico, fornecendo a composi??o qu?mica necess?ria para a forma??o da estrutura zeol?tica em presen?a e aus?ncia de direcionador org?nico estrutural. As amostras de ambas as ze?litas ZSM-5 na forma prot?nica foram obtidas atrav?s de tratamentos t?rmicos e troca i?nica, de acordo com procedimentos relatados na literatura. A amostra de ZSM-5 comercial foi concedida pela empresa Sentex Industrial Ltda. Todas as amostras foram caracterizadas por DRX, MEV, FTIR, TG/DTG/DSC, Adsor??o e dessor??o de N2 e estudo da acidez por termodessor??o de mol?cula sonda (n-butilamina), a fim de compreender suas propriedades f?sico-qu?micas. A efici?ncia dos m?todos aplicados no presente trabalho e relatados na literatura foi comprovada pela estrutura bem definida da ze?lita ZSM-5. Conforme a avalia??o das propriedades f?sico-qu?micas, a ze?lita ZSM-5 ausente de direcionador org?nico torna-se promissora para aplica??o em processos de refino ou utiliza??o como suporte catal?tico, visto que, sua s?ntese reduz os impactos ambientais e custos de produ??o