Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-07-22T15:37:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TycianneJanynneDeOliveiraCabral_DISSERT.pdf: 2149439 bytes, checksum: 131d03398750f276cbe2491387456242 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-27T23:42:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TycianneJanynneDeOliveiraCabral_DISSERT.pdf: 2149439 bytes, checksum: 131d03398750f276cbe2491387456242 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T23:42:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TycianneJanynneDeOliveiraCabral_DISSERT.pdf: 2149439 bytes, checksum: 131d03398750f276cbe2491387456242 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Os ?leos vegetais caracterizam-se como mat?rias-primas importantes no fornecimento de subst?ncias naturais de interesse das ind?strias farmac?uticas, aliment?cias e cosm?ticas. O ?leo de girassol destaca-se por apresentar em sua composi??o importantes ?cidos graxos insaturados, como o ?cido oleico (C18:1) e linoleico (C18:2), respons?veis por diversos benef?cios ? sa?de. O principal objetivo do presente trabalho ? a obten??o de fra??es enriquecidas em ?cidos graxos insaturados a partir do ?leo de girassol refinado. O ?leo em estudo foi caracterizado atrav?s da determina??o de algumas propriedades, como ?ndice de iodo, ?ndice de acidez e viscosidade. Uma transesterifica??o foi realizada a fim de transformar os triglicer?deos nos seus correspondentes ?steres met?licos de ?cidos graxos. Estes foram submetidos ao processo de destila??o molecular, por apresentar-se como uma alternativa eficiente para separa??o e purifica??o dessas subst?ncias, utilizando alto v?cuo e temperaturas reduzidas. As fra??es de ?steres obtidas foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. A t?cnica de planejamento de experimentos foi empregada a fim de avaliar as melhores condi??es para obten??o das fra??es de destilado, analisando algumas vari?veis, como temperatura do sistema de evapora??o e condensa??o. A temperatura do evaporador mostrou-se como a vari?vel de maior influ?ncia sobre o percentual de destilado obtido. As condi??es otimizadas para a resposta estudada foi de 100?C para temperatura do evaporador e de 10?C para a temperatura do condensador. O gr?fico de ?Split ratio? mostrou que para a menor vaz?o de alimenta??o (1mL/min) e maior temperatura do evaporador (110 ?C), foi obtida a maior fra??o de destilado. Foi realizado ainda, o estudo da influ?ncia da temperatura do evaporador sobre a concentra??o de compostos insaturados. A melhor condi??o de opera??o foi para a temperatura de 90?C, alcan?ando 82,22% de compostos insaturados. Foram obtidas as curvas de elimina??o dos compostos insaturados presentes na corrente de destilado. Os resultados da simula??o do processo de destila??o molecular do ?leo de girassol mostraram os perfis de concentra??o para tr?s diferentes vaz?es de alimenta??o. Foram obtidos os perfis de velocidade, temperatura e espessura do filme l?quido. A velocidade do filme aumenta ? medida que o fluido escorre pelas paredes do evaporador, atingindo um valor m?ximo no comprimento de 0,075 m. A espessura do filme diminui ao longo do percurso, uma vez que muitos compostos s?o volatilizados. O resultado do perfil de temperatura apresentou-se coerente com os reproduzidos pela literatura, mostrando-se constante ap?s atingir a temperatura m?xima de opera??o no comprimento de 0,15 m. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho permitiu caracterizar e concentrar, por meio da an?lise experimental, os compostos insaturados, bem como observar o comportamento do ?leo de girassol atrav?s da simula??o do processo. / Vegetable oils are characterized as important raw materials in the supplying of natural substances of interest pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry. Sunflower oil stands out for its important composition present in unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2), responsible for many health benefits. The main objective of this study is obtain enriched fractions in unsaturated compounds from refined sunflower oil. The oil used in this study was characterized by the determination of some properties, like iodine number, acid number and viscosity. A transesterification was done to transform the triglycerides into their corresponding methyl esters of fatty acids. These was submitted the molecular distillation process, for present as an efficient alternative to separation and purification of these substances, using high vacuum and low temperatures. Of the esters fractions that was obtained, were analyzed by gas chromatography. The experimental design technique was used to evaluate the influence of the temperature variation of evaporation and condensation system on the percentage obtained residue. The evaporator temperature proved to be the most influential variable on the studied response. The optimized conditions for the answer was studied at 100 ?C for evaporator temperature and 10 ?C for the condenser temperature. The graph of "split ratio" showed that for the lowest flow feed (1 mL/min) and higher evaporator temperature (110 ?C) was obtained in the largest fraction of distillate. It also used the study of the influence of evaporator temperature on the concentration of unsaturated compounds. The best operating conditions for temperature was 90 ?C reached 82.21 % of unsaturated compounds. Elimination curves of the unsaturated compounds present in the distillate stream were obtained. The simulation results of the molecular distillation process of sunflower oil showed the concentration profiles for three different feed flow rates. The speed, temperature and thickness profiles of the liquid film were obtained. The speed of the film increases as the fluid flows through the walls of the evaporator, reaching a maximum on length of 0.075 m. The film thickness decreases on the route, since many compounds are volatilized. The result of the temperature profile had to be consistent with the literature reproduced, being constant after reaching the maximum operating temperature in the length of 0.15 m. This study allowed characterizing and focusing, through experimental analysis, unsaturated compounds and observing the sunflower oil?s behavior through process simulation.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoMO_DISSERT.pdf: 2015893 bytes, checksum: dea62cb9390752fd7430293c73c9a1dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The catalytic cracking of triglycerides presents itself as a possible alternative to the production of biofuels with low emission of pollutants. In this work were synthesized the SAPO-5, the catalysts for the cracking reaction of soybean oil is presented. The solids were powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analyses indicated that the synthesis method has employed to obtain materials with high surface area and high acid. The soybean oil thermal and thermal catalytic cracking, realized from the room temperature to 450 ?C in a simple distillation system, has allowed obtaining two liquid fractions, each consisting of two phases, one aqueous and another organic, organic liquid (OL). The OL obtained from first fractions has shown high acid index, even in the thermal catalytic process. The products obtained in the cracking of soybean oil were analyzed by distillation, acid number, infra-red spectroscopy, density, viscosity, carbon residue, cetane number determination and characterization. The analysis of the products obtained in the presence and in the absence of the SAPO-5 permitted to conclude that all the solids tested presented catalytic activity in the deoxygenation of final products only at the second step of the cracking process / O craqueamento catal?tico de triacilglicer?deos se apresenta como uma alternativa vi?vel para a produ??o de biocombust?veis com baixa emiss?o de poluentes. Neste trabalho foi sintetizado o SAPO-5, o catalisador foi utilizado na rea??o de craqueamento do ?leo de Girassol. O s?lido foi caracterizado por difra??o de raios -X, an?lise termogravim?trica, espectroscopia no infravermelho. As an?lises indicaram que atrav?s do m?todo de s?ntese empregado foram obtidos materiais com elevada ?rea espec?fica e alta acidez. A partir do craqueamento t?rmico e termocatal?tico do ?leo de girassol, realizado desde a temperatura ambiente at? 450 oC em um sistema de destila??o simples, foram obtidas duas fra??es l?quidas, cada uma contendo duas fases, uma aquosa e outra org?nica. A primeira fra??o do l?quido org?nico obtido apresentou alto ?ndice de acidez, no processo de craqueamento t?rmico. Os produtos obtidos no craqueamento de ?leo de Girassol foram analisados por destila??o, ?ndice de acidez, espectroscopia no infravermelho, densidade, viscosidade e determina??o do ?ndice de cetano. A an?lise dos produtos obtidos na presen?a e na aus?ncia do SAPO-5, sintetizados permitiu concluir que todos os s?lidos testados apresentaram atividade catal?tica para a desoxigena??o dos produtos finais apenas na segunda etapa do processo de craqueamento

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:41:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JulioCTS_DISSERT.pdf: 2360843 bytes, checksum: 9fc8ef936717b3177303c0d0bd2e0718 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / It is known that the head office world energetics is leaning in the fossil fuels. However, the world panorama is changing quickly, for linked reasons to three of the humanity's great concerns in that century beginning: environment, global economy and energy. The biodiesel production is based on the transesterifica??o of vegetable oils or animal fats, using catalysts homogeneous or heterogeneous. The process of heterogeneous transesterifica??o presents lower conversions in comparison with the homogeneous, however, it doesn't present corrosion problems and it reduces to the occurrence of parallel reactions as saponification. In this sense, this work has for purpose the synthesis of a heterogeneous catalyst, KNO3/Al2O3, that soon afterwards was used in the reaction of transesterifica??o of the oil of the Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower). The solid materials (it supports and catalyst) they were analyzed by diffraction of ray-X (XRD) and electronic microscope of sweeping (MEV). After the analysis of Al2O3, a structure monophase amorphous tetragonal was verified, with characteristic patterns of that material, what could not be visualized in the difratograma of the catalyst. The biodiesel obtained with 4% wt. of KNO3/Al2O3 it was what obtained a better cinematic viscosity 8,3 mm2/s, comparing with the norms of ANP, and it also presented the best conversion tax in ethyl ?steres, in accordance with the quantitative measure starting from TG, that was of 60%. While the biodiesel with 6% wt. and with 8% wt. of KNO3/Al2O3 it was it that no transesterificou, because it was observed in the analysis termogravim?trica of those two materials, a single thermal event, that it corresponds the decomposition or volatilization of the triglycerides / Sabe-se que a matriz energ?tica mundial est? apoiada nos combust?veis f?sseis. No entanto, o panorama mundial est? mudando rapidamente, por motivos ligados a tr?s das grandes preocupa??es da humanidade nesse in?cio de s?culo: meio ambiente, economia global e energia. A produ??o de biodiesel ? baseada na transesterifica??o de ?leos vegetais ou gorduras animais, utilizando catalisadores homog?neos ou heterog?neos. O processo de transesterifica??o heterog?nea apresenta convers?es mais baixas em compara??o com o homog?neo, por?m, n?o apresenta problemas de corros?o e reduz ? ocorr?ncia de rea??es paralelas como saponifica??o. Neste sentido, este trabalho tem por finalidade a s?ntese de um catalisador heterog?neo, o KNO3/Al2O3, que em seguida foi utilizado na rea??o de transesterifica??o do ?leo da Helianthus annuus L.(girassol). Os materiais s?lidos (suporte e catalisador) foram analisados por difra??o de raios-X (DRX) e microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura (MEV). Ap?s a an?lise da Al2O3, foi constatada uma estrutura monof?sica tetragonal amorfa, com padr?es caracter?sticos desse material, o que pode ser visualizado no difratograma do catalisador. O biodiesel obtido com 4% m/m de KNO3/Al2O3 foi o que obteve uma melhor viscosidade cinem?tica 8,3 mm2/s, comparando com as normas da ANP, e tamb?m apresentou a melhor taxa de convers?o em ?steres et?licos, em conformidade com a medida quantitativa a partir da TG, que foi de 60%. Enquanto o biodiesel com 6% m/m e com 8% m/m de KNO3/Al2O3 foi o que n?o transesterificou, pois foi observado na an?lise termogravim?trica desses dois materiais, um ?nico evento t?rmico, que corresponde a decomposi??o ou volatiliza??o dos triglicer?deos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IuryEGF_DISSERT_partes_autorizadas.pdf: 116631 bytes, checksum: 3dcaa9a01c6b9b2ba123ac09b7c86c26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The fat acid esters and tocopherolic derivatives are of great economic interest in many industries. The sunflower oil, which had its rich constitution in these composites, is a very interesting raw material source for the job in some sectors as bio-carburants, bio-lubrificants, bio-surfactants, dispersing agents, food industries, medicines and cosmetics. A system emulsified steady from this oil can wide be used in the therapeutical one, therefore it is of easy acceptance for the patient, for being pharmaceutical forms that allow a better medicine administration. The chemical composition characteristics, rich in unsaturad fat acid and tocopherolic derivatives, the sunflower oil, make of the emulsified systems contend this oil a proposal promising for formularizations of pharmaceutical and cosmetic use with antirust and photoprotection. The general objective of this work was to apply the HLB beddings to determine the sunflower oil critical HLB and, from this, to be able to evaluate the ideal mixture of the constituent of this system through the study of the ternary diagrams for the determination of the ratio of constituent that will generate the emulsion most steady / Os ?steres de ?cidos graxos e os derivados tocofer?licos s?o de grande interesse econ?mico em muitas ind?strias. O ?leo do girassol, devido a sua constitui??o rica nesses compostos ? uma fonte muito interessante de mat?ria-prima para o emprego em v?rios setores como biocombust?veis, lubrificantes, biosurfactantes, dispersantes, ind?strias de alimentos, medicamentos e cosm?ticos. Um sistema emulsionado est?vel a partir deste ?leo pode ser largamente empregado na terap?utica, pois ? de f?cil aceita??o pelo paciente, por serem formas farmac?uticas que permitem melhor administra??o de um medicamento. As caracter?sticas da composi??o qu?mica, rica em ?cidos graxos insaturados e derivados tocofer?licos, do ?leo de girassol, fazem dos sistemas emulsionados contendo este ?leo uma proposta promissora para formula??es de uso farmac?utico e cosm?tico com a??es antioxidante e fotoprotetora. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi aplicar os fundamentos de HLB para determinar o HLB cr?tico do ?leo de girassol e, a partir disso, poder avaliar a mistura ideal dos constituintes desse sistema atrav?s do estudo dos diagramas tern?rios para a determina??o da propor??o de constituintes que gerar? a emuls?o mais est?vel

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IaraMSC_partes autorizadas.pdf: 1463501 bytes, checksum: e015bfe96823e1650378fba54b280954 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Nowadays, the growing environmental worry leads research the focus the application of alternative materials from renewable resources on the industrial process. The most common vegetable oil extractant using around the world is the hexane, a petroleum derived, toxic and flammable. Based on this fact, the goal of this work was to test vegetable oil extractions from sunflower seeds cultivated on the Rio Grande do Norte State using two extraction process, the mechanical expelling and solvent extraction, this one using hexane and ethanol as a alternative solvent. The solvent extractions were carried out in the Soxhlet extractor in three different extraction times (4, 6, and 8 hours). The effect of solvent and extraction time was evaluated. The mechanical extraction was carried out in a expeller and the sunflower oil obtained was characterized by its physical-chemical properties and compared with sunflower refinery oil. Furthermore this work also explored the pyrolysis reaction carried out by thermogravimetry measurement as alternative route to obtain biofuel. For this purpose the oil samples were heated to ambient temperature until 900?C in heating rate of 5, 10, 20?C min-1 with the objective evaluated the kinetics parameters such activation energy and isoconversion. The TG/DTG curves show the thermal profile decomposition of triglycerides. The curves also showed that antioxidant presents on the refinery oil not influence on the thermal stability of sunflower oil. The total yield of the extraction s process with hexane and ethanol solvent were compared, and the results indicated that the extraction with ethanol were more efficient. The pyrolysis reaction results indicated that the use of unpurified oil required less energy to obtain the bio-oil / Atualmente, o aumento da preocupa??o com o meio ambiente, incentiva as pesquisas que buscam a aplica??o de materiais alternativos provenientes de fontes renov?veis em processos industriais. O extratante de ?leo vegetal mais utilizado no mundo ? o hexano, um derivado de petr?leo t?xico e inflam?vel. Considerando este fato, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar extra??es do ?leo das sementes de girassol cultivadas no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte usando dois processos de extra??o, a extra??o mec?nica e a extra??o com solventes, utilizando hexano e etanol como solvente alternativo. As extra??es com solvente foram realizadas em um extrator Soxhlet utilizando tr?s tempos de extra??o (4, 6 e 8 horas). O efeito do solvente no rendimento da extra??o foi avaliado. O ?leo de girassol obtido da extra??o mec?nica foi caracterizado em rela??o as suas propriedades fisico-qu?micas e comparadas com as propriedades do ?leo de girassol refinado. Al?m disso, o presente trabalho explora as rea??es de pir?lise do ?leo de girassol como uma rota alternativa para a obten??o de biocombust?veis realizadas em um analisador termogravim?trico. Com essa finalidade as amostras de ?leo foram aquecidas da temperatura ambiente at? 900?C em raz?es de aquecimento de 5, 10, 20 ?C min-1 com o objetivo de avaliar os par?metros cin?ticos tais como energia de ativa??o e isoconvers?o. As curvas TG/DTG mostram o perfil t?rmico de decomposi??o dos triglicer?deos. As curvas mostraram tamb?m que o antioxidante presente no ?leo refinado comercial, n?o influencia a estabilidade t?rmica do ?leo de girassol. O rendimento dos processos de extra??o com hexano e etanol foi comparado e os resultados indicaram que a extra??o com etanol foi mais eficiente. Os resultados das rea??es de pir?lise indicaram que o uso do ?leo bruto requer menos energia para a obten??o de biocombust?veis que o ?leo refinado