Fluorinated systems are defined by unique properties that offer advantages in drug delivery, material synthesis and industrial applications. In comparison to their hydrocarbon counterparts, the design of fluorinated solutes for tailored applications is limited by the inability to predict the effect of fluorination on phase behavior. This work examines and interprets the influence of fluorination on the phase behavior of fluorinated solutes and surfactants, with emphasis on their impact on vesicle bilayers. Thermodynamic partitioning of functionalized series of fluorinated and hydrocarbon nicotinate prodrugs fashioned to promote solubility in a fluorocarbon solvent (perfluorooctyl bromide; PFOB) is measured. Predictive approaches are also employed to describe partitioning of these nicotinates between immiscible phases relevant to drug delivery. The findings reveal no strong correlation of the partitioning trends with biological markers of cytotoxicity and prodrug uptake for PFOB mediated delivery. However, partitioning in model membranes (liposomes), which, increases with the hydrophobicity of the perhydrocarbon nicotinates, suggests incorporation in a cellular matrix is chain length dependent. The impact of incorporating fluorinated surfactants in catanionic vesicles, which form spontaneously in dilute aqueous solutions and serve as potential substitutes to conventional meta-stable liposome-based vesicles, is studied. Much larger isotropic vesicle regions are observed in the phase map of the partially fluorinated catanionic surfactant pair, cetylpyridinium bromide/ sodium perfluorooctanoate (CPB/SPFO) than in fully fluorinated HFDPC (1,1,2,2,-tetrahydroperfluorododecyl pyridinium chloride )/SPFO. Fluorescence probing of the vesicle bilayers suggest more fluid bilayers in CPB/SPFO than in HFDPC/SPFO due to better chain packing in the fully fluorinated bilayer. However, the vesicle region is expanded in more asymmetric fluorinated bilayers of HFDPC/SPFH (sodium perfluorohexanoate). The increased chain asymmetry in HFDPC/SPFH results in reduced packing density and more fluid bilayers than in HFDPC/SPFO. The robustness of CPB/SPFO and HFDPC/SPFO vesicles is demonstrated in the synthesis of silica hollow spheres by templating and the retention of encapsulated solutes. Higher colloidal stability of the silica spheres is achieved in HFDPC/SPFO relative to CPB/SPFO due to the barrier effect of the fluorinated bilayer. Similarly, higher solute retention in HFDPC/SPFO is observed. The modulation of phase behavior with fluorination offers opportunities in tunable applications of fluorinated bilayers.

O trabalho apresentado foi realizado em duas etapas independentes e baseou-se no estudo de diferentes sistemas nanométricos para viabilizar a aplicação da ftalocianina de cloro alumínio (ClAlPc) na terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) para o tratamento do câncer de pele do tipo melanoma. O fármaco fotossensibilizante (FS) utilizado apresenta propriedades físico-químicas que lhe permitem exercer sua atividade fotodinâmica com excelência, sem a interferência do cromóforo endógeno melanina existente nas células melanocíticas. Para driblar sua elevada hidrofobicidade, ClAlPc foi encapsulada em sistemas nanométricos para administração em meio fisiológico. Inicialmente nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) foram desenvolvidas por emulsificação direta, após um estudo de elaboração do diagrama de fases. O compritol foi o lipídio sólido escolhido para compor as NLS, com diferentes concentrações de ClAlPc. Todas as formulações desenvolvidas foram devidamente caracterizadas, com tamanho médio entre 100 e 200 nm, baixa polidispersão, potencial zeta adequadamente negativo (~|30| mV), drug loading de ClAlPc entre 76-94% (com pequena redução após 24 meses) e alta eficiência de encapsulação (E.E.). A morfologia arredondada das nanopartículas foi confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de força atômica. A estabilidade das NLS foi de 24 meses. A avaliação da cristalinidade do lipídio revelou a integração da ClAlPc à matriz lipídica da NLS, presença de estruturas polimórficas e grau de cristalinidade adequado, sem alterações após 24 meses. Nos estudos de difusão in vitro, observou-se que ftalocianina encapsulada nas NLS acumulam-se preferencialmente na epiderme e derme do que no estrato córneo, sem traços de permeação do ativo. Foi confirmado o caráter biocompatível das NLS sobre fibroblastos NIH-3T3. A ftalocianina encapsulada nas NLS não foi tóxica na linhagem de melanoma B16-F10 na ausência de luz, porém, apresentou excelente efeito fototóxico (0,75 ?g mL-1 de ClAlPc nanoencapsulada e irradiação entre 0,5 e 2,0 J cm-2), com redução da viabilidade celular de 87%. O segundo sistema de veiculação estudado foram as vesículas cataniônicas (VesCat), que se formam espontaneamente em água com o tensoativo TriCat 12. A obtenção das vesículas contendo ClAlPc envolve uma etapa adicional, para remoção de solvente orgânico, que foi aprimorada, reduzindo o tempo de produção em 55%. As VesCat/ClAlPc obtidas mantiveram suas propriedades físico-químicas e morfologia arredondada (confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura), drug loading de 47% e alta E.E. Os resultados comprovaram que a aplicação desses dois sistemas nanométricos é altamente eficiente para aplicação da TFD no tratamento do câncer de pele do tipo melanoma ou outras doenças cutâneas, apresentando características favoráveis para avanços nos estudos de fase clínica e pré-clínica. / The present work was conducted in two independent steps, which were based on the study of different nanometric systems that make feasible the application of aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (ClAlPc) in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the melanoma skin cancer treatment. The photosensitizer (PS) used has physical-chemical properties that allow it to perform its photodynamic activity with excellence, without the interference of the melanin, an endogenous chromophore found in melanotic cells. In order to circumvent the high PS hydrophobicity, ClAlPc was encapsulated into nanosystems to administration in physiological environment. At first, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were developed by direct emulsification process after drawing up phase diagram study. The solid lipid compritol was chosen to make the SLN, produced with different ClAlPc concentrations. The developed samples were properly characterized with mean size between 100-200 nm, low polydispersity, negative zeta potential (~|30| mV), ClAlPc drug loading around 76-94% (with slight decrease after 24 months) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE). The round shape of SLN was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The nanoparticles were stable for at least 24 months. The evaluation of lipid crystallinity has proved the ClAlPc integration to SLN lipid matrix, the presence of polymorphic structures and a suitable crystalline degree, without large variations after 24 months. In the in vitro diffusion studies were observed that phthalocyanine conveyed in the nanoparticles accumulates preferably in the epidermis and dermis than in the stratum corneum, without any drug permeation traits. The NLS biocompatibility was confirmed on NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. ClAlPc-loaded NLS did not exhibit toxicity on B16-F10 melanoma cell line in the dark, but it was shown their outstanding phototoxicity effect (0.75 ?g mL-1 of encapsulated ClAlPc and irradiation between 0.5 and 2.0 J cm-2) with cell viability reduction of 87%. The second drug delivery system studied were the catanionic vesicles (VesCat) that are spontaneously obtained by mixing the self-assembly surfactant TriCat 12 in water. The production of ClAlPc-loaded vesicles comprises an additional step (to remove the organic solvent) that was optimized, saving 55% of the production time. The final VesCat/ClAlPc kept their physical-chemical properties and round shape (confirmed by scanning electron microscopy), drug loading of 47% and high EE. Hence, the results have proved the great efficiency of these two nanometric systems applied in the PDT to the treatment of melanoma skin cancer and other cutaneous disease, useful features for further progress towards preclinical and clinical trials.

O trabalho apresentado foi realizado em duas etapas independentes e baseou-se no estudo de diferentes sistemas nanométricos para viabilizar a aplicação da ftalocianina de cloro alumínio (ClAlPc) na terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) para o tratamento do câncer de pele do tipo melanoma. O fármaco fotossensibilizante (FS) utilizado apresenta propriedades físico-químicas que lhe permitem exercer sua atividade fotodinâmica com excelência, sem a interferência do cromóforo endógeno melanina existente nas células melanocíticas. Para driblar sua elevada hidrofobicidade, ClAlPc foi encapsulada em sistemas nanométricos para administração em meio fisiológico. Inicialmente nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas (NLS) foram desenvolvidas por emulsificação direta, após um estudo de elaboração do diagrama de fases. O compritol foi o lipídio sólido escolhido para compor as NLS, com diferentes concentrações de ClAlPc. Todas as formulações desenvolvidas foram devidamente caracterizadas, com tamanho médio entre 100 e 200 nm, baixa polidispersão, potencial zeta adequadamente negativo (~|30| mV), drug loading de ClAlPc entre 76-94% (com pequena redução após 24 meses) e alta eficiência de encapsulação (E.E.). A morfologia arredondada das nanopartículas foi confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e de força atômica. A estabilidade das NLS foi de 24 meses. A avaliação da cristalinidade do lipídio revelou a integração da ClAlPc à matriz lipídica da NLS, presença de estruturas polimórficas e grau de cristalinidade adequado, sem alterações após 24 meses. Nos estudos de difusão in vitro, observou-se que ftalocianina encapsulada nas NLS acumulam-se preferencialmente na epiderme e derme do que no estrato córneo, sem traços de permeação do ativo. Foi confirmado o caráter biocompatível das NLS sobre fibroblastos NIH-3T3. A ftalocianina encapsulada nas NLS não foi tóxica na linhagem de melanoma B16-F10 na ausência de luz, porém, apresentou excelente efeito fototóxico (0,75 ?g mL-1 de ClAlPc nanoencapsulada e irradiação entre 0,5 e 2,0 J cm-2), com redução da viabilidade celular de 87%. O segundo sistema de veiculação estudado foram as vesículas cataniônicas (VesCat), que se formam espontaneamente em água com o tensoativo TriCat 12. A obtenção das vesículas contendo ClAlPc envolve uma etapa adicional, para remoção de solvente orgânico, que foi aprimorada, reduzindo o tempo de produção em 55%. As VesCat/ClAlPc obtidas mantiveram suas propriedades físico-químicas e morfologia arredondada (confirmada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura), drug loading de 47% e alta E.E. Os resultados comprovaram que a aplicação desses dois sistemas nanométricos é altamente eficiente para aplicação da TFD no tratamento do câncer de pele do tipo melanoma ou outras doenças cutâneas, apresentando características favoráveis para avanços nos estudos de fase clínica e pré-clínica. / The present work was conducted in two independent steps, which were based on the study of different nanometric systems that make feasible the application of aluminum phthalocyanine chloride (ClAlPc) in the photodynamic therapy (PDT) to the melanoma skin cancer treatment. The photosensitizer (PS) used has physical-chemical properties that allow it to perform its photodynamic activity with excellence, without the interference of the melanin, an endogenous chromophore found in melanotic cells. In order to circumvent the high PS hydrophobicity, ClAlPc was encapsulated into nanosystems to administration in physiological environment. At first, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) were developed by direct emulsification process after drawing up phase diagram study. The solid lipid compritol was chosen to make the SLN, produced with different ClAlPc concentrations. The developed samples were properly characterized with mean size between 100-200 nm, low polydispersity, negative zeta potential (~|30| mV), ClAlPc drug loading around 76-94% (with slight decrease after 24 months) and high encapsulation efficiency (EE). The round shape of SLN was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The nanoparticles were stable for at least 24 months. The evaluation of lipid crystallinity has proved the ClAlPc integration to SLN lipid matrix, the presence of polymorphic structures and a suitable crystalline degree, without large variations after 24 months. In the in vitro diffusion studies were observed that phthalocyanine conveyed in the nanoparticles accumulates preferably in the epidermis and dermis than in the stratum corneum, without any drug permeation traits. The NLS biocompatibility was confirmed on NIH-3T3 fibroblasts. ClAlPc-loaded NLS did not exhibit toxicity on B16-F10 melanoma cell line in the dark, but it was shown their outstanding phototoxicity effect (0.75 ?g mL-1 of encapsulated ClAlPc and irradiation between 0.5 and 2.0 J cm-2) with cell viability reduction of 87%. The second drug delivery system studied were the catanionic vesicles (VesCat) that are spontaneously obtained by mixing the self-assembly surfactant TriCat 12 in water. The production of ClAlPc-loaded vesicles comprises an additional step (to remove the organic solvent) that was optimized, saving 55% of the production time. The final VesCat/ClAlPc kept their physical-chemical properties and round shape (confirmed by scanning electron microscopy), drug loading of 47% and high EE. Hence, the results have proved the great efficiency of these two nanometric systems applied in the PDT to the treatment of melanoma skin cancer and other cutaneous disease, useful features for further progress towards preclinical and clinical trials.

This thesis deals with the characterization and preparation of catanionic vesicular systems and their interaction with water-insoluble vitamins. Catanionic vesicles systems was prepared from two differently charged sufractants CTAB and SDS in formation ion pair amphiphile. Stability of vesicles was secured by adding cholesterol with positively charged surfactant DODAC. Were selected vitamin A and vitamin E for solubilization into these vesicles. The next part of this work was focused on determining the efficiency of incorporation these vitamins into the HTMA-DS vesicular system. The characterization of these systems was improved by measurement on a UV-VIS spectrometer, DLS and by HPLC with UV-VIS detector. During measurement by UV-VIS and HPLC the efficiency of solubilization of vitamin A and vitamin E into vesicles was determinated. In both cases higher efficiency was determinated for vesicles with incorporated vitamin A. Higher efficiency for both vitamins was determinated by HPLC. The reason is probably the higher sensitivity of the metod, work in labs with dark glass and preparing individuals samples into vials, which were inserted into the device for individual dosing by injector. The work serves primary evaluation results in view of the vesicular system for use in pharmaceutical application like carrier non-polar vitamins.