This dissertation elaborates several refinements to the Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) framework which are motivated by phenomena in parametrically diverse languages such as English, Dutch, Tagalog, Toba Batak and Turkish. I present Multi-Modal Combinatory Categorial Grammar, a formulation of CCG which incorporates devices and category constructors from related categorical frameworks and demonstrate the effectiveness of these modifications both for providing parsimonious linguistic analyses and for improving the representation of the lexicon and computational processing. Altogether, this dissertation provides many formal, linguistic, and computational justifications for the central thesis that this dissertation puts forth- that an explanatory theory of natural language grammar can be based on a categorial grammar formalism which allows cross-linguistic variation only in the lexicon and has computationally attractive properties.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 320 p., also contains graphics. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: David R. Dowty, Dept. of Linguistics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 315-320).

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This thesis proposes an extended version of the Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) formalism, with the following features: 1. grammars incorporate inheritance hierarchies of lexical types, defined over a simple, feature-based constraint language 2. CCG lexicons are, or at least can be, functions from forms to these lexical types This formalism, which I refer to as ‘inheritance-driven’ CCG (I-CCG), is conceptualised as a partially model-theoretic system, involving a distinction between category descriptions and their underlying category models, with these two notions being related by logical satisfaction. I argue that the I-CCG formalism retains all the advantages of both the core CCG framework and proposed generalisations involving such things as multiset categories, unary modalities or typed feature structures. In addition, I-CCG: 1. provides non-redundant lexicons for human languages 2. captures a range of well-known implicational word order universals in terms of an acquisition-based preference for shorter grammars This thesis proceeds as follows: Chapter 2 introduces the ‘baseline’ CCG formalism, which incorporates just the essential elements of category notation, without any of the proposed extensions. Chapter 3 reviews parts of the CCG literature dealing with linguistic competence in its most general sense, showing how the formalism predicts a number of language universals in terms of either its restricted generative capacity or the prioritisation of simpler lexicons. Chapter 4 analyses the first motivation for generalising the baseline category notation, demonstrating how certain fairly simple implicational word order universals are not formally predicted by baseline CCG, although they intuitively do involve considerations of grammatical economy. Chapter 5 examines the second motivation underlying many of the customised CCG category notations — to reduce lexical redundancy, thus allowing for the construction of lexicons which assign (each sense of) open class words and morphemes to no more than one lexical category, itself denoted by a non-composite lexical type. Chapter 6 defines the I-CCG formalism, incorporating into the notion of a CCG grammar both a type hierarchy of saturated category symbols and an inheritance hierarchy of constrained lexical types. The constraint language is a simple, feature-based, highly underspecified notation, interpreted against an underlying notion of category models — this latter point is crucial, since it allows us to abstract away from any particular inference procedure and focus on the category notation itself. I argue that the partially model-theoretic I-CCG formalism solves the lexical redundancy problem fairly definitively, thereby subsuming all the other proposed variant category notations. Chapter 7 demonstrates that the I-CCG formalism also provides the beginnings of a theory of the CCG lexicon in a stronger sense — with just a small number of substantive assumptions about types, it can be shown to formally predict many implicational word order universals in terms of an acquisition-based preference for simpler lexical inheritance hierarchies, i.e. those with fewer types and fewer constraints. Chapter 8 concludes the thesis.

This thesis investigates the internal structure and the computational representation of the lexical entries in Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG). A restricted form of typed feature structures is proposed for representing CCG categories. This proposal is combined with a constraint-based modality system for basic categories of CCG. We present some linguistic evidence to explain why both a unication-based feature system and a constraint-based modality system are needed for a lexicalist framework. An implementation of our system is also presented.

A dissertação aqui apresentada teve por finalidade principal problematizar o processo de formação das categorias sociais capitalistas terra, trabalho e capital e seus consequentes processos de autonomização (MARX, 1985) na particularidade do Vale do Ribeira/SP, com especial atenção às comunidades remanescentes quilombolas localizadas nas cidades de Eldorado/SP e Iporanga/SP. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, a fim de problematizar o processo de formação e transformação dessas categorias ao longo dos séculos XIX e XX, nos apoiamos nos relatos obtidos em trabalhos de campo junto à comunidade de São Pedro (Eldorado/SP) e os presentes nos Relatórios Técnicos Científicos realizados pela Fundação Instituto de Terras do Estado de São Paulo (ITESP), bem como em trabalhos acadêmicos com os quais debatemos nesta dissertação (PETRONE, 1966, R. QUEIROZ, 2006). Após isso, nos detemos no fim do século XX e início do XXI, momento em que são delimitadas as reservas ambientais que restringiam a possibilidade do uso do solo pelos agricultores; seguido, aparentemente, na contramão desse processo, pelo reconhecimento das comunidades como remanescentes quilombolas e sua atual reprodução pelo acesso ao crédito PRONAF (Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar), voltado para a produção. Neste segundo momento, problematizamos o que é hoje entendido diferentemente por cada autor como momento de dominância financeira (PAULANI), financeirização (HARVEY, 2014) ou dessubstancialização do capital (KURZ, 1995 e SCHOLZ, 2004), a partir de uma pesquisa de campo detida na atual reprodução dos agricultores quilombolas, somada a entrevistas junto aos representantes do Estado (funcionários da Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral CATI , ITESP e da Secretaria da Agricultura do Município de Eldorado/SP) e da instituição financeira Banco do Brasil (principalmente das agências localizadas nas cidades de Jacupiranga, Pariquera-Açu e Registro) responsáveis, estes últimos (funcionários e agentes financeiros), pela articulação entre os recursos liberados para o programa e os agricultores. Vale por fim destacar que partiu-se do pressuposto de que nada está dado de forma absoluta: intentamos desnaturalizar o trabalho, a terra e o capital, entendendo-os como formados historicamente. A particularidade, seu conteúdo, no caso em questão, as relações sociais na hoje compreendida como comunidade de São Pedro, foram assim discutidas como não generalizáveis, não dedutíveis de conteúdo referencial, e, simultaneamente, não apartadas da totalidade: tentamos (e sabemos que sempre de maneira insuficiente) manter a tensão entre o particular e a totalidade, um permanente questionamento, o que também devemos tributo à Roswitha Scholz (2005) e sua crítica teórica do valor-dissociação como forma de ser da relação social capitalista. / The main objective of this Master thesis was to problematize the formation process of capitalist\' social categories land, labor and capital and its consequent processes of autonomization (MARX, 1985), in the particularity of Ribeira\'s Valley/ SP, with special attention to the remnant quilombolas\' communities sited in the cities of Eldorado/ SP and Iporanga/ SP. Initially, in order to problematize the process of formation and transformation of these categories throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, we have leaned on the reports obtained through fieldworks in São Pedro\'s community (Eldorado/ SP), as well as on those found in the Technical Scientific Reports carried out by the Institute of Lands of the State of São Paulo Foundation (ITESP), among other academic works which we have debated with (PETRONE, 1966, R. QUEIROZ, 2006). For then we have reflected at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21rst, when the environmental reserves that have restricted the possibility of land use by farmers are delimited; this moment is followed, apparently in the opposite direction of this process, by the recognition of the communities as \"remnants of quilombolas\" and their current reproduction by the access to PRONAF (National Program for Strengthening Family Farming), focused on production. In this second moment, starting from the field surveys that were focused on the current reproduction of quilombola farmers, we have problematized what is now understood, in a different way by each author, as a moment of \"financial dominance\" (PAULANI), \"financialization\" (HARVEY, 2014) or \"desubstantialisation of capital\" (KURZ, 1995 and SCHOLZ, 2004); together with interviews made with the State\'s representatives officials from the Coordination of Integral Technical Assistance (CATI), ITESP and the Secretariat of Agriculture of Eldorado\'s county, SP, as well as with Bank of Brazil (mainly the branches sited in the cities of Jacupiranga, Pariquera-Açu and Registro), these last ones responsible (employees and financial agents) for the articulation between the resources released to the program and the farmers. At last, it is important to emphasise that we are based of the assumption that nothing is given in an absolute way: we intent to criticize the naturalization of work, land and capital, understanding them as historically formed. The particularity, its content, in the present case the social relations in todays São Pedro\'s community, were thus discussed as non generalizable, non deductible of referential content, and simultaneously, not segregated from the totality: we try (aware of its insufficiency) to maintain the tension between the particular and the totality, a permanent questioning, which we should also pay tribute to Roswitha Scholz (2005) and her theoretical critique of value-dissociation, as the form of capitalist social relation on its own.

A dissertação aqui apresentada teve por finalidade principal problematizar o processo de formação das categorias sociais capitalistas terra, trabalho e capital e seus consequentes processos de autonomização (MARX, 1985) na particularidade do Vale do Ribeira/SP, com especial atenção às comunidades remanescentes quilombolas localizadas nas cidades de Eldorado/SP e Iporanga/SP. Para tanto, em um primeiro momento, a fim de problematizar o processo de formação e transformação dessas categorias ao longo dos séculos XIX e XX, nos apoiamos nos relatos obtidos em trabalhos de campo junto à comunidade de São Pedro (Eldorado/SP) e os presentes nos Relatórios Técnicos Científicos realizados pela Fundação Instituto de Terras do Estado de São Paulo (ITESP), bem como em trabalhos acadêmicos com os quais debatemos nesta dissertação (PETRONE, 1966, R. QUEIROZ, 2006). Após isso, nos detemos no fim do século XX e início do XXI, momento em que são delimitadas as reservas ambientais que restringiam a possibilidade do uso do solo pelos agricultores; seguido, aparentemente, na contramão desse processo, pelo reconhecimento das comunidades como remanescentes quilombolas e sua atual reprodução pelo acesso ao crédito PRONAF (Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar), voltado para a produção. Neste segundo momento, problematizamos o que é hoje entendido diferentemente por cada autor como momento de dominância financeira (PAULANI), financeirização (HARVEY, 2014) ou dessubstancialização do capital (KURZ, 1995 e SCHOLZ, 2004), a partir de uma pesquisa de campo detida na atual reprodução dos agricultores quilombolas, somada a entrevistas junto aos representantes do Estado (funcionários da Coordenadoria de Assistência Técnica Integral CATI , ITESP e da Secretaria da Agricultura do Município de Eldorado/SP) e da instituição financeira Banco do Brasil (principalmente das agências localizadas nas cidades de Jacupiranga, Pariquera-Açu e Registro) responsáveis, estes últimos (funcionários e agentes financeiros), pela articulação entre os recursos liberados para o programa e os agricultores. Vale por fim destacar que partiu-se do pressuposto de que nada está dado de forma absoluta: intentamos desnaturalizar o trabalho, a terra e o capital, entendendo-os como formados historicamente. A particularidade, seu conteúdo, no caso em questão, as relações sociais na hoje compreendida como comunidade de São Pedro, foram assim discutidas como não generalizáveis, não dedutíveis de conteúdo referencial, e, simultaneamente, não apartadas da totalidade: tentamos (e sabemos que sempre de maneira insuficiente) manter a tensão entre o particular e a totalidade, um permanente questionamento, o que também devemos tributo à Roswitha Scholz (2005) e sua crítica teórica do valor-dissociação como forma de ser da relação social capitalista. / The main objective of this Master thesis was to problematize the formation process of capitalist\' social categories land, labor and capital and its consequent processes of autonomization (MARX, 1985), in the particularity of Ribeira\'s Valley/ SP, with special attention to the remnant quilombolas\' communities sited in the cities of Eldorado/ SP and Iporanga/ SP. Initially, in order to problematize the process of formation and transformation of these categories throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, we have leaned on the reports obtained through fieldworks in São Pedro\'s community (Eldorado/ SP), as well as on those found in the Technical Scientific Reports carried out by the Institute of Lands of the State of São Paulo Foundation (ITESP), among other academic works which we have debated with (PETRONE, 1966, R. QUEIROZ, 2006). For then we have reflected at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21rst, when the environmental reserves that have restricted the possibility of land use by farmers are delimited; this moment is followed, apparently in the opposite direction of this process, by the recognition of the communities as \"remnants of quilombolas\" and their current reproduction by the access to PRONAF (National Program for Strengthening Family Farming), focused on production. In this second moment, starting from the field surveys that were focused on the current reproduction of quilombola farmers, we have problematized what is now understood, in a different way by each author, as a moment of \"financial dominance\" (PAULANI), \"financialization\" (HARVEY, 2014) or \"desubstantialisation of capital\" (KURZ, 1995 and SCHOLZ, 2004); together with interviews made with the State\'s representatives officials from the Coordination of Integral Technical Assistance (CATI), ITESP and the Secretariat of Agriculture of Eldorado\'s county, SP, as well as with Bank of Brazil (mainly the branches sited in the cities of Jacupiranga, Pariquera-Açu and Registro), these last ones responsible (employees and financial agents) for the articulation between the resources released to the program and the farmers. At last, it is important to emphasise that we are based of the assumption that nothing is given in an absolute way: we intent to criticize the naturalization of work, land and capital, understanding them as historically formed. The particularity, its content, in the present case the social relations in todays São Pedro\'s community, were thus discussed as non generalizable, non deductible of referential content, and simultaneously, not segregated from the totality: we try (aware of its insufficiency) to maintain the tension between the particular and the totality, a permanent questioning, which we should also pay tribute to Roswitha Scholz (2005) and her theoretical critique of value-dissociation, as the form of capitalist social relation on its own.

For many sequence prediction tasks in Natural Language Processing, modeling dependencies between individual predictions can be used to improve prediction accuracy of the sequence as a whole. Supertagging, involves assigning lexical entries to words based on lexicalized grammatical theory such as Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG). Previous work has used Bayesian HMMs to learn taggers for both POS tagging and supertagging separately. Modeling them jointly has the potential to produce more robust and accurate supertaggers trained with less supervision and thereby potentially help in the creation of useful models for new languages and domains. Factorial Hidden Markov Models (FHMM) support joint inference for multiple sequence prediction tasks. Here, I use them to jointly predict part-of-speech tag and supertag sequences with varying levels of supervision. I show that supervised training of FHMM models improves performance compared to standard HMMs, especially when labeled training material is scarce. Secondly, FHMMs trained from tag dictionaries rather than labeled examples also perform better than a standard HMM. Finally, I show that an FHMM and a maximum entropy Markov model can complement each other in a single step co-training setup that improves the performance of both models when there is limited labeled training material available. / text

Various patterns of the organization of Western tonal music exhibit hierarchical structure, among them the harmonic progressions underlying melodies and the metre underlying rhythmic patterns. Recognizing these structures is an important part of unconscious human cognitive processing of music. Since the prosody and syntax of natural languages are commonly analysed with similar hierarchical structures, it is reasonable to expect that the techniques used to identify these structures automatically in natural language might also be applied to the automatic interpretation of music. In natural language processing (NLP), analysing the syntactic structure of a sentence is prerequisite to semantic interpretation. The analysis is made difficult by the high degree of ambiguity in even moderately long sentences. In music, a similar sort of structural analysis, with a similar degree of ambiguity, is fundamental to tasks such as key identification and score transcription. These and other tasks depend on harmonic and rhythmic analyses. There is a long history of applying linguistic analysis techniques to musical analysis. In recent years, statistical modelling, in particular in the form of probabilistic models, has become ubiquitous in NLP for large-scale practical analysis of language. The focus of the present work is the application of statistical parsing to automatic harmonic analysis of music. This thesis demonstrates that statistical parsing techniques, adapted from NLP with little modification, can be successfully applied to recovering the harmonic structure underlying music. It shows first how a type of formal grammar based on one used for linguistic syntactic processing, Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG), can be used to analyse the hierarchical structure of chord sequences. I introduce a formal language similar to first-order predicate logical to express the hierarchical tonal harmonic relationships between chords. The syntactic grammar formalism then serves as a mechanism to map an unstructured chord sequence onto its structured analysis. In NLP, the high degree of ambiguity of the analysis means that a parser must consider a huge number of possible structures. Chart parsing provides an efficient mechanism to explore them. Statistical models allow the parser to use information about structures seen before in a training corpus to eliminate improbable interpretations early on in the process and to rank the final analyses by plausibility. To apply the same techniques to harmonic analysis of chord sequences, a corpus of tonal jazz chord sequences annotated by hand with harmonic analyses is constructed. Two statistical parsing techniques are adapted to the present task and evaluated on their success at recovering the annotated structures. The experiments show that parsing using a statistical model of syntactic derivations is more successful than a Markovian baseline model at recovering harmonic structure. In addition, the practical technique of statistical supertagging serves to speed up parsing without any loss in accuracy. This approach to recovering harmonic structure can be extended to the analysis of performance data symbolically represented as notes. Experiments using some simple proof-of-concept extensions of the above parsing models demonstrate one probabilistic approach to this. The results reported provide a baseline for future work on the task of harmonic analysis of performances.

The present dissertation proposes integrating Discourse Representation Theory (DRT), information structure (IS) and Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) into a single framework. It achieves this by making two new contributions to computational treatment of information structure. First, it presents an uncomplicated approach to incorporating information structure in DRT. Second, it shows how the new DRT representation can be integrated into a unification-based grammar framework in a straightforward manner. We foresee the main application of the new formalism to be in spoken language systems: the approach presented here has the potential to considerably facilitate spoken language systems benefiting from insights derived from information structure. The DRT representation with information structure which is proposed in this dissertation is simpler than the previous attempts to include information structure in DRT. We believe that the simplicity of the Information-Structure-marked Discourse Representation Structure (IS-DRS) is precisely what makes it attractive and easy to use for practical tasks like determining the intonation in spoken language applications. The IS component in ISDRS covers a range of aspects of information structural semantics. A further advantage of IS-DRS is that in its case a single semantic representation is suitable for both the generation of context-appropriate prosody and automatic reasoning. A semantic representation on its own is useful for describing and analysing a language. However, it is of even greater utility if it is accompanied by a mechanism that allows one to directly infer the semantic representation from a natural language expression. We incorporated the IS-DRS into the Categorial Grammar (CG) framework, developing a unification based realisation of Combinatory Categorial Grammar, which we call Unification-based Combinatory Categorial Grammar (UCCG). UCCG inherits elements from Combinatory Categorial Grammar and Unification Categorial Grammar. The UCCG framework is developed gradually throughout the dissertation. The information structural component is included as the final step. The IS-DRSs for linguistic expressions are built up compositionally from the IS-DRSs of their sub-expressions. Feature unification is the driving force in this process. The formalism is illustrated by numerous examples which are characterised by different levels of syntactic complexity and diverse information structure. We believe that the main assets of both the IS-DRSs as well as the Unification-based Combinatory Categorial Grammar framework are their simplicity, transparency, and inherent suitability for computational implementation. This makes them an appealing choice for use in practical applications like spoken language systems.