Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2001. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Caveolae are 50-60 nm flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane that protect the plasma membrane from damage under stretch forces. They are highly abundant in cells that experience high levels of stress forces such as adipocytes, endothelial cells and muscle cells. Caveolae are generated by the oligomerisation and association of caveolin and cavin proteins, which form the caveolar coat complex at the caveolar bulb and are progressively well characterised. However, less is known about the proteins that localise to the caveolar neck. Using the CRIPSR/Cas9 system to generate gene knock-in and knockout cell lines, the role of EHD proteins at caveolae was investigated. It was found that, in addition to EHD2 being at the neck, both EHD1 and EHD4 were also present. The recruitment of other EHD proteins was markedly increased in the absence of EHD2. This functional redundancy was confirmed by the generation of EHD1, 2 and 4 triple knockout cell lines, which displayed two striking sets of phenotypes. Firstly, the characteristic higher-order clusters of caveolae are lost in the absence of EHD proteins. And secondly, caveolae are destabilised and the plasma membrane is more likely to rupture when the EHD1,2,4 knockout cells are subjected to cycles of stretch forces. The data identify the first molecular components that cluster caveolae into a membrane ultrastructure that potentially extends stretch buffering capacity. A second series of experiments tested different ideas about the function of caveolae in adipocytes. The insulin receptor and CD36 were found to at most partially colocalise with caveolae, and the role of caveolae in regulating signalling processes remains unclear. In contrast, the plasma membrane of adipocytes without caveolae is clearly more prone to rupture, confirming a mechanoprotective function.

Skeletal muscle function is important to the human body for daily activities. Mechanical signals are critical to the maintenance of that function. Muscle diseases, such as the muscular dystrophies, in which the force transmission apparatus is compromised, have devastating effects on muscle function and quality of life. Mechanical signals activate intracellular signaling to maintain function. ERK2 has been shown to be quickly and strongly upregulated following stretch, leading to cell proliferation. Stretch has been shown to cause deformation of caveolae, invaginations of the plasma membrane that inhibit ERK signaling. This leads to the hypothesis that stretch induced deformation of caveolae may initiate mechanotransduction by activating ERK2. Reducing caveolin-3 expression via siRNA knockdown eradicated the stretch-induced effect on ERK2 activation, indicating that caveolin is required for the stretch response. Stabilizing caveolae structure by temperature reduction or destabilizing caveolae by cholesterol depletion resulted in changes consistent with the hypothesis that proper caveolae structure plays an important role in inhibition of signaling molecules and that deformation mediates mechanotransduction, resulting in changes in activation of ERK2.

Rotavirus (RV) nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) is a multifunctional glycoprotein that induces secretory diarrhea in mouse pups in the absence of other viral proteins. The intracellular transport route(s) and functional mechanism(s) of NSP4 are poorly understood; however, the recent association of the enterotoxin with cellular caveolin-1 may provide a link between NSP4 transport and function. To determine if NSP4 traffics to a specific subset of lipid rafts at the plasma membrane (PM), we isolated caveolae from a PM-enriched fraction with a new method that yielded endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-free caveolae membranes with a unique membrane structure and composition. Comparison of these caveolae with other detergent- and non-detergent-extracted membranes revealed that each caveolae/raft fraction contained caveolae markers; however, only our PM caveolae fraction mimicked the membrane structure and sterol exchange dynamics of intact PM without ER or non-raft PM contaminants. When these PM caveolae were isolated from RV-infected cells, full-length, high-mannose glycosylated NSP4 was present. Confocal imaging showed association of NSP4 with caveolin-1 moving from perinuclear and cytoplasmic sites toward the PM as the infection progressed. Fluorescent imaging also indicated exposure of the NSP4 Cterminus at the exofacial PM surface without transport of the enterotoxin through the Golgi apparatus. Surface-specific biotinylation was used to confirm NSP4 exposure at the surface of infected MDCK cells and to determine that the exposed protein was fulllength and high-mannose glycosylated. This study presents an ER contaminant-free PM caveolae isolation methodology, identifies the presence of full-length, high-mannose glycosylated NSP4 in both PM caveolae and exposed at the cell surface, and confirms the Golgi-bypassing nature of NSP4 ER to PM transport in RV-infected MDCK cells.

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The present study has tested the hypothesis that leptin receptors are localized in caveolae and that caveolae are involved in the leptin-induced stimulation of lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Leptin, a peptide hormone, is secreted primarily by adipocytes and has been postulated to regulate food intake and energy expenditure via hypothalamic-mediated effects. Exposure to leptin increases the lipolytic activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We isolated caveolae from 3T3-L1 adipocytes using a detergent free sucrose gradient centrifugation method. Leptin receptors were localized in the same gradient fraction as caveolin-1. Confocal microscopic studies demonstrated the colocalization of leptin receptors with caveolin-1 in the plasma membrane, indicating distribution of leptin receptors in the caveolae. We disrupted caveolae by treating cells with methyl--cyclodextrin and found that leptin induced lipolytic activity was reduced after caveolae disruption, indicating an important role of caveolae in the signaling mechanism of leptin.

L’hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) est la principale pathologie de la circulation pulmonaire. Elle secaractérise par une augmentation maintenue de la pression dans les artères intrapulmonaires (AIP) (> à 25mmHg au repos). Cette pression exerce des forces d’étirement au niveau des cellules musculaires lisses desartères intrapulmonaires (CML d’AIP). Au niveau des CML, des canaux mécanosensibles appelés des SAC(« stretch-activated channels ») permettent de transformer un stimulus mécanique d’étirement en uneréponse biologique de contraction : c’est le tonus myogénique. Le Ca2+ est un second messager cellulairequi peut être aussi bien mobilisé depuis le milieu extracellulaire que depuis les réserves calciquesintracellulaires. Une augmentation de sa concentration cytoplasmique induit la contraction des CML. Grâceà des techniques de patch-clamp, de microspectrofluorimétrie, d’immunomarquages et à une approchepharmacologique, nous avons mis en évidence les voies de signalisations calciques qui sont mises en placeà la suite d’un étirement des CML d’AIP. Les expériences ont été réalisées à la fois chez des rats normaux etsur deux modèles de rats présentant une HTP (rats hypoxique chroniques et rats monocrotalines). Lesrésultats montrent que chez les rats normaux un étirement induit un influx de Ca2+ par les SAC. Cet influxcalcique est amplifié par (1) une hyperpolarisation de la membrane plasmique via l’activation de canauxBKCa, (2) une sortie de Ca2+ par les récepteurs à la ryanodine de type 1 (RyR1) du réticulum sarcoplasmique(RS) sous-membranaire. Afin de rétablir l’homéostasie calcique, les mitochondries tamponnent le Ca2+cytosolique. Chez les rats souffrant d’HTP, l’influx de Ca2+ par les SAC et l’amplification calcique par les RyRsont plus importants. Cette amplification est due à une réorganisation des réserves calciquesintracellulaires, notamment chez les rats monocrotalines. De plus, une association fonctionnelle entre lesréserves calciques du RS et les cavéoles conduit à des réponses calciques plus importantes après unétirement chez les rats HTP. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence la présence de canaux mécanosensiblesPiezo1 dans les AIP de rats. En conclusion, l’organisation spatiale des partenaires calciques au sein des CMLd’AIP est importante pour la signalisation cellulaire et joue un rôle majeur dans l’HTP. / Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is the main disease of the pulmonary circulation. This pathology ischaracterized by an increase of the intrapulmonary arterial (PA) pressure at rest (> 25 mmHg). This pressureexerts stretch forces on pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Stretch-activated channels (SAC)are present in PASMC and are able to transform a mechanical stimulus of stretch into a biological responseof contraction, a phenomenon called myogenic tone. Ca2+ is a second messenger that can be mobilizedfrom both the extracellular medium and intracellular Ca2+ stores. An increase of the intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) leads to PASMC contraction. Using patch-clamp, microspectrofluorimetry,immunostainings and a pharmacological approach, we highlight Ca2+ signaling pathways induced by stretchin PASMC. Experiments were performed in normal rats and in two models of PH (chronically hypoxic ratsand monocrotaline rats). We showed that in normal rats a stretch induces a Ca2+ influx through SAC whichis amplified by (1) a plasma membrane hyperpolarization by BKCa channels and (2) a Ca2+ amplification bysubplasmalemnal ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Besides, mitochondria areinvolved in buffering cytoplasmic Ca2+. In PH rats, the Ca2+ influx by SAC and the Ca2+ release by RyR areenhanced due to a reorganization of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Furthermore, a functional associationbetween SR and caveolae conduce to a much greater amplification of the stretch-induced Ca2+ increase inPH rats. Finally, we showed that the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 is expressed in PA. To conclude, thespatial organization of Ca2+ stores in PASMC is important for cell signaling and plays a casual role in PH.

The prevalence of type II diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate due to the western world lifestyle. Type II diabetes is characterized by an insulin resistance distinguished by impaired glucose uptake in adipose and muscle tissues. The molecular mechanisms behind the insulin recistance and also the knowledge considering normal insulin signalling in fat cells, especially in humans, are still unclear. Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) is known to be important for medating the insulin-induced signal from the insulin receptor into the cell. We developed and optimized a method for transfection of primary human adipocytes by electroporation. By recombinant expression of proteins, we found a proper IRS to be crucial for both mitogenic and metabolic signalling in human adipocytes. In human, but not rat, primary adipocytes we found IRS1 to be located at the plasma membrane in non-insulin stimulated cells. Insulin stimulation resulted in a two-fold increase of the amount of IRS1 at the plasma membrane in human cells, compared with a 12-fold increase in rat cells. By recombinant expression of IRS1 we found the species difference between human and rat IRS1 to depend on the IRS proteins and not on properties of the host cell. The adipocytes function as an energy store, critical for maintaining the energy balance, and obesity strongly correlates with insulin resistance. The insulin sensitivity of the adipocytes with regard to the size of the cells was examined by separating small and large cells from the same subject. We found no increase of the GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane following insulin stimulation in the large cells, whereas there was a two-fold increase in the small cells. This finding supports the idea of a causal relationship between the enlarged fat cells and reduced insulin sensitivity found in obese subjects. The insulin receptor is located and functional in a specific membrane structure, the caveola. The morphology of the caveola and the localization of the caveolar marker proteins caveolin-1 and -2 were examined. Caveolae were shown to be connected to the exterior by a narrow neck. Caveolin was found to be located at the neck region of caveolae, which imply importance of caveolin for maintaining and sequestering caveolae to the plasma membrane. In conclusion, the transfection technique proved to be highly useful for molecular biological studies of insulin signal transduction and morphology in primary adipocytes.

Caveolae are a type of invaginated membrane domain that has been shown to be involved in several disease states, including lipodystrophy, muscular dystrophies and cancer. Several of these diseases are caused by the lack of caveolae or caveolae-related signaling deficiencies in the tissues in which the caveolar domain are abundant such as lung, adipose, muscle and their related endothelial cells. Caveolae are formed through the assembly of the membrane inserted protein caveolin, cholesterol and the recently described family of cavin proteins, which together form the caveolae coat. The work in this thesis focuses on understanding the protein components and mechanisms that control the biogenesis and dynamics of caveolae. We have found that the protein EHD2 is an important regulator and stabilizer of the caveolar domain at the cell membrane. EHD2 is a dimeric ATPase known to oligomerize into ring-like structures around lipid membranes to control their shape. We have characterized the domain interactions involved in the specific targeting and assembly of this protein at caveolae. We propose a stringent regulatory mechanism for the assembly of EHD2 involving ATP binding and switching of the EH domain position to release the N-terminus and facilitate oligomerization in the presence of membrane species. We show that loss of EHD2 in cells results in hyper- dynamic caveolae and that caveolae stability at the membrane can be restored by reintroducing EHD2 into these cells. In a study of the protein cavin-3, which is known to be an integral component of the caveolar coat, we showed that this protein is targeted to caveolae via direct binding to the caveolar core protein caveolin1. Furthermore, we show that cavin-3 is enriched at deeply invaginated caveolae and regulate the duration time of caveolae at the cell surface. In combination with a biochemical and cellbiological approach, the advanced fluorescence microscopy techniques, like Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP), Total Internal Reflection microscopy (TIRF), combined with correlative Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) have allowed us to characterize distinct caveolae-associated proteins and their respective functions at caveolae.