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Thèse--Sc. phys.--Lyon, 1970. N°: 660. / Bibliogr. p. 192-195.

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Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone Project / A large portion of current architectural design practices utilize insulative materials that are outdated, unsustainable, and harmful to the environment. There is little consideration placed in the lifespan of the insulative materials and often lead towards negative ramifications the environment must face. Continuing in the track of sustainable development, an emerging material known as cellulose aerogel builds off precedent aerogel with a green twist. The issue with implementing a new material, especially one that lacks the research and development of presently used materials, is gathering enough interest to build research funding. Developing a new material that has the potential to mitigate the massive energy consumption could aid architects and designers in designing more sustainable buildings. A cellulose based aerogel system is fabricated with cellulose, a biomass found in nearly all living organisms, is the answer we may need to make sustainable building practices a reality. To determine the validity of a cellulose aerogel system, a rigorous material study and precedence scientific studies will be analyzed to understand the intrinsic properties. The culmination of this information is imperative to drive continued development and implementation under the optimal conditions. Cellulose aerogel will face a multitude of comparisons with each major used insulative materials such as concrete, wood, and fiberglass. Successfully completing these studies will help material researchers and designers to prepare for a greater sustainable future.

Co-cultures of selected fermentative bacteria have been shown to improve rates of substrate conversion and yields of some fermentation end-products. We have tested this hypothesis using a co-culture of the mesophilic, cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium termitidis CT1112 and the mesophilic, saccharophylic bacterium, Clostridium intestinale URNW. C. termitidis can utilize cellulose as a sole carbon source. It releases glycosyl hydrolases that hydrolyze cellulose, cellobiose and glucose. C. intestinale URNW, which was isolated as a contaminant from a cellobiose stock bottle of C. termitidis (Ramachandran et al., 2011), is not capable of hydrolyzing cellulose, but can utilize the cellobiose and glucose released by cellulose hydrolysis to grow in co-culture with C. termitidis. Based on the faster doubling-time of C. intestinale URNW on cellobiose, it was expected that the “soluble sugar free” environment will stimulate C. termitidis to hydrolyse cellulose at faster rate and which in-turn will result in increased substrate utilization and end-product synthesis compared to the monoculture of C. termitidis. The designed co-culture was characterized in depth with the use of microbial quantification studies (multiplex quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction – qPCR) and ‘Omics techniques to understand the population dynamics and gene product expression in each species in the co-culture versus their respective monocultures at the molecular level. Inoculation of co-culture with diffferent initial ratios of the C. termitidis and C. intestinale resulted a fixed ratio of approximately 13:1 (C. termitidis : C. intestinale) at 168 hour post-inoculation (h pi). A statistical difference in substrate utilization and total cell mass production, but not end-product cocentrations, was observed at 168 h pi in cultures with an initial C. termitidis : C. intestinale ratio of 1:1 and 1:0.2). No statisical differences in substrate utilization, biomass accumulation, or end-product synthesis concentrations were observed for all other initial C. termitidis : C. intestinale ratios, or for co-cultures in where the C. termitidis : C. intestinale ratio was 1:25. Thus, the hypothesis that synergistic interactions between species in co-cultures can stimulate substrate consumption and end-product synthesis was supported under very limited conditions in this co-culutre system. Unlike other co-cultures reported in literature, the co-culture of C. termitidis and C. intestinale did not show large increases in substrate utilization or end-product concentrations synthesized when cultured on 2 g/L α-cellulose. This may be due to the slower cellulose degradation ability of C. termitidis in the co-culture, (compared to the cellulose degraders in other co-cultures such as C. thermocellum), which is the main contributor to the growth of C. intestinale in the co-culture and the competition for the same substrate (cellobiose) by both the species in the co-culture. / October 2015

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University / This thesis attempted to give further evidence to the multiple component theory of the enzyme cellulase as well as presenting methods of purifying the enzyme. Cellulase was prepared in this laboratory from Myrothecium verrucaria. Batch absorption experiments using cellulose as adsorbent showed that 30% of the activity and protein could be adsorbed at pH 5 with acetate buffer. A very dilute salt concentration as 0.0001 M NaCl allowed 58% adsorption of activity in the batch adsorption experiments with cellulose. The long cellulose chromatographic column adsorbed irreversibly 100% of the activity allowing the protein and carbohydrate to be eluted. The column of cellulose must be permitted more sites for the enzyme to absorb to than just placing the enzyme in the cellulose and mixing. The short cellulose columns showed the presence of a readily absorbed component as well as a less readily absorbed component. [TRUNCATED]

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The effect of over-oxidation on periodate oxidation of cellulose was studied. It was found that the over-oxidation process has a significant effect on the overall reaction. An integrated rate equation was formulated. The oxidation of internal glucose units is second-order overall, first order with respect to both periodate and cellulose; while the oxidation of the reducing end group is first order overall, that with respect to periodate. It was also found that prolonged oxidation degrades cellulose to a considerable extent, which is thought to be the direct result of random chain scission. The periodate breaks up cellulose polymer into fragments, some of which are so small that they go into the solution. / Graduation date: 1989