Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1994. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

Thesis (doctoral)--Lund University, 1994. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted.

No description available.

Please read the abstract in the 01chapter1 part of this document / Thesis (DPhil (Food Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Food Science / unrestricted

Thesis (M.S.) in Food Science and Human Nutrition--University of Maine, 2008. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-55).

No description available.

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, 2008. / Kaynakça var.

Orientador: Roberto Herminio Moretti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:30:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_DanielaDeGrandiCastro_D.pdf: 989026 bytes, checksum: c9f4c5d7a467d08716626299b2917043 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Nutrientes são necessários para o desenvolvimento e crescimento dos indivíduos. No entanto, uma nutrição preventiva pode proteger, minimizar ou mesmo protelar riscos a saúde que podem ser causados por pré-disposições genéticas, maus hábitos alimentares e até agressões do meio ambiente. As evidências epidemiológicas estão continuamente providenciando recomendações para que as pessoas consumam mais frutas e vegetais como medida preventiva para reduzir o risco de diversas doenças degenerativas. É notável o aumento do consumo de alimentos saudáveis devido à crescente preocupação com a melhoria da qualidade de vida, porém, o ritmo da vida moderna exige alimentos práticos. Dentro deste contexto, do crescimento visível do desenvolvimento de alimentos para fins especiais, da necessidade de combinar saúde e praticidade, e de reunir alguns ingredientes que vem recebendo grande atenção para a aplicação nestes alimentos funcionais, é que se elaborou o estudo de desenvolvimento e estabilidade de barra de cereais a base de proteína de soja, gérmen de trigo e aveia, incluindo como ingrediente a lecitina de soja, e suplementada com vitaminas C e E. Este trabalho teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento da formulação da barra de cereais e a avaliação das características físico-químicas, vitamínicas, enzimáticas, sensoriais e de textura durante o seu armazenamento. Um estudo preliminar de inativação enzimática no gérmen de trigo foi realizado devido à susceptibilidade a rancidez, fator adverso de qualidade de cereais desidratados. Amostras de aveia laminada integral e gérmen (produto natural inalterado da moagem do trigo) foram caracterizadas e a atividade de lipase e peroxidase medidas. Foi utilizado um delineamento fatorial completo para estudar os efeitos dos fatores ¿temperatura¿ e ¿tempo¿ na inativação das enzimas e para a determinação das condições ótimas de redução de atividade no gérmen de trigo. Foram determinadas como condições ótimas tratamentos térmicos à temperatura na faixa de 180 a 190°C, com duração de 4,8 a 8,0 minutos e obtidas reduções significativas (p£0,5) na atividade residual da lipase e peroxidase. O gérmen de trigo teve seu teor de umidade ajustado para 28% e a torração foi realizada em estufa a 180°C por 8,0 minutos, para que pudesse ser utilizado como ingrediente da barra de cereais. Desenvolveu-se então uma formulação de barra de cereais funcional sabor banana com alto teor protéico, à base de proteína de soja, gérmen de trigo e aveia, e enriquecida de vitaminas C (ácido ascórbico) e E (acetato de a-tocoferol 50%). A barra de cereais e seus principais ingredientes foram submetidos a análises físico-químicas para caracterização e três formulações variando o teor de ácido ascórbico foram avaliadas quanto à aceitação sensorial e intensidade ideal de doçura e acidez. A proteína de soja texturizada utilizada apresentou elevados teores dos oligossacarídeos rafinose e estaquiose (1,92 g/100g e 4,66 g/100g) e de isoflavonas totais (283,49 mg/100g) se comparados ao grão, farinha integral e isolado protéico. A formulação final da barra de cereais apresentou 15,31% de proteína e elevado teor de vitamina E (118,0 mg/100g) e minerais como fósforo (P), cálcio (Ca), cobre (Cu), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn). A formulação adicionada de 1,1g/100g de ácido ascórbico obteve maior aceitação sensorial diferindo significativamente (p£0,5) das demais amostras. Esta formulação, preferida pela equipe sensorial, foi então submetida ao estudo de estabilidade durante o seu armazenamento. Foram utilizados como embalagens três filmes (A: PET/PEBD; B: PETmet/PEBD; C: PET/PEBD/AL/PEBD) com diferentes propriedades de barreira. As barras de cereais foram armazenadas em condições de temperatura e umidade relativa ambiente por um período de 180 dias. Durante o armazenamento, estudou-se a estabilidade das vitaminas C, vitamina E, e a atividade de lipase e peroxidase. No período de 180 dias, as barras de cereais acondicionadas nos três materiais testados apresentaram uma retenção de vitamina C menor que 50%. No entanto, a embalagem com folha de alumínio proporcionou menor velocidade de reação e maior tempo de meia vida de 146 dias. Os teores de vitamina E (acetato de a-tocoferol) nas barras de cereais apresentaram pequenas variações durante o armazenamento. Houve um aumento significativo (p£0,5) da atividade de peroxidase durante o período de 90 dias de estocagem nas embalagens testadas, provavelmente devido à regeneração dessa enzima, enquanto que a atividade de lipase não demonstrou aumento significativo durante os 180 dias de estocagem. Foram acompanhados também a umidade, atividade de água, pH, acidez total e medidas físicas associadas à textura como resistência ao corte, dureza e coesividade. A avaliação sensorial foi realizada através de teste de aceitação e intenção de compra durante o armazenamento. As barras de cereais formuladas com os ingredientes alternativos apresentaram variações na atividade de água (Aa), umidade e acidez total durante o armazenamento. A umidade das barras de cereais tendeu a um aumento, o que acarretou influência significativa (p£0,5) nas características de textura de resistência ao corte e dureza. As barras de cereais formuladas com proteína texturizada de soja, gérmen de trigo e aveia obtiveram boa aceitação sensorial perante consumidores nos atributos de sabor e aspectos visuais, porém, a aceitação tendeu a um declínio ao longo do tempo, associado à diminuição da intenção de compra do produto. O efeito das diferentes propriedades de barreira dos filmes de embalagens testados foi significativo (p£0,5) na estabilidade das barras de cereais ao longo do período de estocagem / Abstract: Nutrients are required for development and growth of individuals. However a preventative nutrition could be protected, minimized or delayed by way from health risks arising from genetic aggressions, the environment and also eating habits. Epidemiological evidence is constantly providing recommendations that people should consume more fruits and vegetables as a preventative measure to reduce the risk of various degenerative diseases. The increase in consumption of health foods is notable, due to the increasing concern with the improvement of life quality, although the pace of modern life demands practical foods. Within this context of a visible growth in the development of foods for special ends, of the need to combine health and practicality and aiming to bring together some ingredients which have received special attention for application in such functional foods, a study of the development and stabilization of a cereal bar based on soy protein, wheat germ and oat was elaborated, with the addition of soy lecithin and supplemented with vitamins C and E. Thus the objective of this study was the development and formulation of a cereal bar and an evaluation of its physicochemical, vitamin, enzymatic, sensory and texture characteristics during storage. A preliminary study of the enzymatic inactivation of wheat germ was carried out due to its susceptibility to rancidity, a process reducing the quality of dehydrated cereals. Samples of whole rolled oats and wheat germ (natural, unaltered product from wheat milling) were characterized and their lipase and peroxidase activities determined. A complete factorial design was used to study the effects of time and temperature in the inactivation of the enzymes and to determine the optimal conditions to reduce their activity in wheat germ. The optimal conditions were shown to be a temperature in the range from 180 to 190°C for between 4.8 and 8.0 minutes, obtaining significant (p£0,5) reductions in the residual activities of lipase and peroxidase. The moisture content of the wheat germ was adjusted to 28%, which was then roasted at 180°C for 8.0 minutes such that it could be used as an ingredient in cereal bars. A functional, banana flavored cereal bar was formulated with high protein content, based on soy protein, wheat germ and oat, and enriched with vitamins C (ascorbic acid) and E (50% a-tocopherol). The cereal bar and its main ingredients were characterized by way of physicochemical analyses, and three formulations, varying in their ascorbic acid contents, prepared and submitted to a sensory acceptance test and ideal test for the intensity of sweetness and acidity. The textured soy protein used showed high contents of the oligosaccharides raffinose and stachyose (1.92 g/100g and 4.66 g/100g) and of total isoflavones (283.49 mg/100g) as compared to the bean, whole flour and protein isolate. The final formulation of the cereal bar showed 15.31% protein and high contents of vitamin E (118.0 mg/100g) and minerals such as phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn). The formulation with 1.1 g/100g of ascorbic acid was the most accepted sample, differing significantly (p£0,5) from the other samples. This most accepted formulation was submitted to an evaluation during storage. Three films were used for packaging: (A: PET/PEBD; B: PETmet/PEBD; C: PET/PEBD/AL/PEBD), each with distinctive barrier properties. The cereal bars were studied under environmental conditions of temperature and relative humidity for 180 days. Vitamins C and E stabilities and the activities of lipase and peroxidase were determined during storage. The cereal bars packaged in the three materials tested showed vitamin C retention below 50% after 180 days storage. However the packaging including aluminum foil provided a lower reaction velocity and longer half life of 146 days. The vitamin E (a-tocopherol acetate) contents of the cereal bars presented slight variations during storage. There was a significant increase in peroxidase activity during the first 90 days of storage in all the types of packaging tested, probably due to regeneration, whilst lipase activity showed no significant increase during the 180 days of storage. The moisture content, water activity, pH and total acidity were also determined during storage as well as the textural measurements of cutting resistance, hardness and cohesiveness. The acceptance and intention to buy tests were used for the sensory evaluation during storage. The cereal bars formulated with alternative ingredients showed variations in water activity (Aw), moisture content and total acidity during storage. The moisture contents of the cereal bars tended to increase during storage, with a significant (p£0,5) influence on the textural characteristics of cutting resistance and hardness The cereal bars formulated with textured soy protein, wheat germ and oats were well accepted by the consumers in the sensory evaluation (flavor and visual aspect), although the acceptance tended to decline during storage, associated with a decrease in intent to buy. The effect of the different barrier properties of the packaging films tested was significant (p£0,5) in the stability of the cereal bars during storage / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

This study was set out to examine household food security in post- conflict Southern Sudan. Over the past four years the Government of Southern Sudan and Development Partners have shown increased interest in accelerating agricultural development and food security in the country. This study provides insight into the key factors responsible for food insecurity, the challenges faced and household coping strategies employed to reduce and manage risk, assure food supply, improve dietary diversity and take advantage of economic opportunities for sustainable livelihoods. The problem addressed by this study was whether cereal (sorghum, millet, maize and wheat) availability in three of the ten states of Southern Sudan improved in the five year post conflict period (2004-2008). The study explored if cereal grain production increased and how households coped with the unavailability of cereal grain. The researcher gathered data and information from multiple sources, including 542 household questionnaires and nine focus group discussion conducted between June and August 2009. Quantitative analysis supplemented the extensive qualitative data sources. The major challenges experienced by households with regard to food security were limited access to extension services, production inputs, processing, credit/saving facilities, training, market information and physical infrastructure. Evidence showed that food insecurity occurred due to the lack or absence of feeder roads, communication and transport facilities, strategic value chain alliances and partnerships; and limited exposure to communities for learning in Southern Sudan. The study concluded that the availability of cereals at the household level was generally low, although cereal production increased by small increments across the study areas after the conflict period. However, the increase in cereal production was inadequate to support the cereal needs of households, leading to food insecurity. The study identified the major factors responsible for food insecurity at the household level in the study areas as conflict, drought, floods and erratic rains. Poor infrastructure, weak policies and lack of access to services to improve farm production were among the key constraints reported by households. These factors were perceived by all stakeholders as root causes of inadequate food production in the study area. Household production provided 56.6 % of household food consumption, but this was inadequate to provide year-round. Other food sources included purchases, food aid and gifts. Households relied largely on consumption-based coping strategies when faced with food shortages including: relying on less preferred food, limiting meal portion sizes, mothers reducing their food to allow children to eat and reducing the number of meals eaten per day. These strategies are detrimental to the nutritional status of household members; considering that proper nutrition is critical for active and productive life. Therefore, food insecurity was high in the study areas and detrimental coping strategies were widely practiced, raising concerns of hunger and malnutrition. Food insecurity in Southern Sudan needs to be addressed urgently. Direct interventions to support a significant scaling up of food production (beyond only cereal production) are needed to alleviate hunger, prevent malnutrition and provide for future food security especially among resettling refugees and demobilized soldiers. In many cases food aid and direct transfers of food is urgently needed to address the situation, but this should be short-term and part of an integrated plan to boost production of food at community level. Programmes should be developed to assist households should establish food gardens, diversify cropping and undertake non-farm activities in improving food production and productivity. The local communities should participate in community-based food security needs assessment with strong support provided by the county agriculture department and state Ministries of Agriculture. This must lead to the identification of implementation measures and development of food security plans and budgets that include both increased production and market access. An inter-sectoral Food Security Council (FSC) and a framework for action should be developed to include strategic management of cereal grain reserves, establishment of an effective and and efficient public distribution system, harmonisation of relevant sector policies and development of a well coordinated food security information system. Longitudinal studies are recommended to monitor the food security situation in Southern Sudan and gain a deeper understanding of household coping strategies to inform policies and programmes. Further research is recommended to investigate how to increase the supply of food, promoting dietary diversification, improve access to economic opportunities and manage risk to help vulnerable households become more resilient to absorb shocks, stresses and threats. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.