A regulação pública da agricultura orgânica no Brasil instituiu três formas de avaliar a qualidade orgânica, inserindo os Sistemas Participativos de Garantia (SPGs) no mesmo patamar que a certificação por auditoria. Todavia, este processo não foi isento de conflitos e, justamente por isso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi compreender porque o Estado brasileiro reconhece esse formato de avaliação da qualidade orgânica que prescinde de uma terceira parte isenta, como as certificadoras por auditoria, se a literatura econômica clássica aponta para essa necessidade. A hipótese defendida e corroborada é que o Estado reconhece os SPGs no mesmo patamar que a certificação por auditoria porque a rede de gestores públicos e sociedade civil, articulada ao redor deste tema, conseguiu convencer seus interlocutores de que os mecanismos participativos de avaliação da conformidade (visitas de pares, visitas de verificação, reuniões) são capazes de atestar a qualidade orgânica dos produtos. Os argumentos que esta rede utiliza para persuadir suas audiências são de duas naturezas: por um lado, o alto custo da certificação por auditoria, causada pela obrigação de seguir os padrões da ISO 65, exclui parcela significativa dos agricultores familiares. Por outro, demonstram que existem outras formas de atestar a qualidade dos produtos, historicamente conhecidas, que reduzem as assimetrias de informação entre produtor e consumidor, em especial aquelas que se fundamentam prioritariamente no controle social. A metodologia utilizada foi a observação participante em fóruns paritários entre governo e sociedade civil, em encontros do Fórum Brasileiro de SPGs e em visitas, reuniões e mutirões nas propriedades de agricultores membros de redes dos cinco primeiros SPGs cadastrados no MAPA: ANC, ABD, Rede Ecovida, ABIO e Orgânicos Sul de Minas, além de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com gestores públicos e membros da sociedade civil que participaram do processo de construção da normativa. As conclusões indicam que a participação em redes de SPGs tende a fortalecer processos sociais complexos que vão além da certificação, como a construção e ampliação de mercados solidários, a criação de estratégias comunitárias de uso de material genético, como bancos e feiras de trocas de sementes e mudas, o aumento do acesso a alimentos por conta das trocas de espécies realizadas entre os agricultores e a redução de custos de produção, quando da contratação coletiva de técnicos ou pelo uso das visitas como instrumento de assistência técnica rural. No entanto, verifica-se que a tentativa do Estado em expandir esse sistema para mercados internacionais gera necessidade de controles mais rígidos por conta do distanciamento entre produtor e consumidor, o que burocratiza e aproxima os SPGs da certificação por auditoria. Por outro lado, o fortalecimento das redes de SPGs pode viabilizar o alcance das políticas públicas no meio rural, como por exemplo, os programas de aquisição de alimentos PAA e PNAE, entre outros. Importante registrar a abertura que este tema tem para novas pesquisas e abordagens, avaliando a sua sustentabilidade no tempo e no espaço e a sua capacidade de ampliação da qualidade da vida no campo. / Public regulation of organic agriculture in Brazil instituted three ways to evaluate the organic quality, inserting the Participatory Guarantee Systems (PGS) at the same level as certification by audit. However, this process was not without conflict, and so on, the objective of this research was to understand why the state recognizes this format of the organic quality assessment that dismisses an exempt third party, such as certification by audit, whether the classical economic literature points to that need. The hypothesis defended and supported is that the state recognizes the PGS at the same level as certification for audit because the network of public officials and civil society, articulated around this theme, managed to convince their interlocutors that the participatory mechanisms of conformity assessment (peer visits, verification visits, meetings) are able to attest the quality of organic products. The arguments that the network uses to persuade your audience are of two kinds: first, the high cost of certification by audit, caused by the obligation to follow the ISO 65 standards, excludes significant portion of family farmers. On the other, it shows that there are other ways to certify the quality of products, historically known that reduce information asymmetries between producer and consumer, especially those that are primarily grounded in social control. The methodology used was participant observation in forums parity between government and civil society, at the Brazilian Forum of PGS meetings and visits, meetings and task forces on the properties of the farmer members of networks of the first five registered PGS in Ministry of Agriculture: ANC, ABD, Network Ecovida, ABIO and Organics Sul de Minas, and semi-structured interviews with public officials and members of civil society who participated in the normative construction process. The findings indicate that participation in PGS networks tends to strengthen complex social processes that go beyond the certification, such as the construction and expansion of supportive markets, the creation of community strategies of genetic material use, as banks and seed swap meets and seedlings, increasing access to food due to the trading of species carried out between farmers and the reduction of production costs, when the collective bargaining technicians or the use of visits as rural technical assistance instrument. However, it appears that the attempt by the State to expand this system to international markets generates the need for tighter controls because of the gap between producer and consumer, which bureaucratizes and near the certification audit by PGS. On the other hand, the strengthening of PGS networks can enable the achievement of public policies in rural areas, such as food purchase programs - PAA and PNAE, among others. Important to note the opening of this technique for new research and approaches, assessing their sustainability over time and space and its quality capacity expansion of rural life.

La propension des systèmes informatiques à subir des défaillances matérielles est à l'origine d'une recherche abondante afin de concevoir des systèmes dits tolérants aux pannes. Le procédé couramment retenu consiste à procéder à des réplications, donnant alors naissance à ce que l'on nomme un système distribué. La question se pose alors de savoir si l'on peut garantir que les multiples copies sont cohérentes entre elles. Ainsi, la recherche d'un accord devient-elle un problème à résoudre, à portée paradigmatique : le Consensus. Or, la complexité des algorithmes de Consensus rend la tache ardue : il n'est donc pas rare que l'on commette des erreurs lors de leur conception. De là découle l'idée, développée depuis plus de trente ans, de recourir à des procédés de vérification mécanique des algorithmes et de leurs preuves de correction. Ces procédés prennent place parmi ce que l'on désigne usuellement comme étant des méthodes formelles. C'est à la croisée des recherches en algorithmique distribuée et en méthodes formelles que se situent nos travaux. Plus spécifiquement, il s'agit de faire usage d'un logiciel de certification formelle, Isabelle/HOL, afin de garantir l'exactitude des preuves de correction d'algorithmes de Consensus exprimés dans un cadre formel uniforme du nom de Heard-Of, proposé en 2009 par Charron-Bost et Schiper. Nous montrons que, du fait de leur expression dans un même cadre formel, et du fait de leur proximité, suivant les cas, soit de conception (nombre de rondes, recours à des mécanismes de vote, ...) soit de forme syntaxique, soit d'hypothèses de fonctionnement (synchronisme partiel, ...), ces algorithmes présentent des preuves dont une part conséquente d?arguments sont communs. Cela permet de copier certains d'entre eux d'une preuve à l'autre, afin de réduire l'effort de certification : ces arguments peuvent alors être automatiquement évalués par la machine pour chacun d'entre eux, l'utilisateur n'ayant à intervenir que là où celle-ci est en peine, c'est-à-dire lorsque les différences algorithmiques induisent qu'il faille réviser les détails de l'argumentation. L'exposé que nous faisons de la certification que nous avons effectuée pour six algorithmes distribués dédiés à la résolution du problème du Consensus illustre cette démarche. Par conséquent, nous présentons d'abord les portions communes des démonstrations, puis détaillons ce qui est propre à chacune, l'objectif n'étant pas de permettre une lecture linéaire de chaque démonstration mais de mettre en évidence notre proposition / Computer systems fail. Whatever the reason of these failures, it has been a widespread approach to try and increase the faults-tolerance of a computer system through its replication. The resulting system is said to be a distributed one, in which replicas have to be kept consistent with each others. Hence, reaching agreement, and Consensus in particular, becomes the problem to solve - indeed, the paradigm. Solving Consensus (under various assumptions) is a hard task : algorithms designed on this purpose are subtle and proving their being correct is error-prone - whenever they are, which occasionally appears not to be the case. For more that thirty years, researchers interested in what is called Formal Methods have been working on mechanizing the verification process, in order to increase confidence in the correctness of (distributed) algorithms. The work we present here is at the intersection of distributed algorithms and formal methods. We use the Isabelle/HOL software to certify the correctness proof of various Consensus algorithms expressed in a uniform framework based on the Heard-Of Model, introduced by Charron-Bost and Schiper in 2009. Expressed in a common model, these algorithms, which, depending on the case, share some common mecanisms (number of steps, intermediate votes, ...), some elements of syntax, or types of assumptions (partial synchronism...), can be proved using some common arguments. As a consequence, the certification effort can be reduced by copying some intermediate lemmas from one proof to another and let the computer automatically parse them until some manual adaptation is required. This lead to the idea of certifying the correctness of multiple algorithms all together, instead of proving them one after the other, as one would do on paper in a traditional way. The effort of translation in the formal language of the proof assistant is then possibly reduced. Of course, each proof will also contain specific arguments, which will have to be isolated and translated into the software. Here, we illustrate this proposition through the presentation of formal certificates of correctness for six Consensus algorithms. As a consequence, on should not expect to find here a comprehensive linear presentation of each proof : we first show the arguments shared by multiple proofs, followed by those which are specific to each o them

A valorização de produtos que sejam ecológica e socialmente responsáveis vem fazendo que as certificações no âmbito socioambiental venham crescendo no decorrer dos anos. Isso se reflete na agricultura onde a pressão se dá no sentido de que as produções sejam ambientalmente mais equilibradas e socialmente mais justas. A certificação Fair trade surge como uma das alternativas a essas pressões originárias dos consumidores. Esse modelo de Comércio surgiu como uma alternativa às associações de pequenos produtores rurais em condições econômicas desfavoráveis obterem melhores condições de comércio para seus produtos e assim melhorar o padrão de vida de suas comunidades. Tais desvantagens econômicas podem ser caracterizadas pela maior vulnerabilidade de pequenos produtores a flutuações dos mercados internacionais de commodities, sem acesso a crédito e reservas de capital. Essa falta de oportunidades econômicas por dificuldades de acesso a capital, mercados compradores e informação criam barreiras aos pequenos produtores, o que garante o acesso facilitado a produtores maiores no mercado de exportações. É nesse contexto que se torna uma excelente opção o novo modelo de comércio justo, o Fair trade. No entanto, verificou-se uma dificuldade desses produtores conseguirem tal certificação. Foi realizado então um estudo multicasos em quatro organizações de pequenos produtores já certificadas, a fim de detectar essas dificuldades de se conseguir essa certificação e propor um check list de ações para ajudar outras organizações a se inserirem nesse mercado. / The valorization of environmental and social responsible products has resulted in an increase of socio-environmental certification schemes over the years. In agriculture, this reflects on a growing pressure towards an environmentally more balanced and socially fairer production. In this context, fair trade certification comes as an alternative to these pressures that come from consumers. This model of trade has emerged to associations of small farmers in unfavorable economic conditions as an alternative for obtaining better trading conditions for its products and thereby improving the living standards of their communities. Such economic disadvantages include the vulnerability of small producers, with no access to credit and no capital reserves, to fluctuations in the international commodity markets. This lack of economic opportunities due to difficulties in accessing capital, markets and information create barriers to small producers, thus ensuring large producers easier access to the export markets. In this context, fair trade becomes an excellent option. However, it is evident the difficulties of these producers to get such certification. Therefore, a multicase study was carried out in four organizations of small producers which already have the certification in order to detect these difficulties in getting the certification and to propose a checklist of actions that can help other organizations to fit into that market.

The aim was to elucidate the social construction of chronic pain as a cause of work absence in the UK, focusing on negotiation of sickness certification and return to work, in the context of recent policies to tackle rising sick-listing rates, including a national educational programme about the health benefits of work, and introduction of the ‘fit note’. Following a literature review, two qualitative studies were conducted from a symbolic interactionist perspective. The first comprised semi-structured interviews with doctors and chronic pain patients, leading to a second study in which employers and employees with chronic pain were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed according to constructivist grounded theory principles. The first study revealed tensions in the doctor-patient relationship as the process of sickness certification was negotiated. The indeterminacy of chronic pain rendered the biomedical approach to diagnosis and assessment of capability for work problematic, while a shift to the psychosocial model could generate feelings of invalidation in patients. A wide range of moral and socio-cultural factors was invoked by doctors and patients to contest sick-listing decisions. The second study identified difficulties that can emerge when chronic pain patients return to work. Employees discussed how managers failed to understand their problems or make sustained adaptations; employers reported difficulty reconciling the needs of employees with organisational imperatives and argued that employees and doctors colluded in sanctioning low resilience. All stakeholder groups supported the fit note’s focus on capacity not incapacity, but were skeptical about whether it would surmount the tensions and difficulties that arise in sickness certification and return to work for chronic pain patients. Struggles for meaning and construction of identities are difficult for policy to address, but deeper understanding of the processes behind them and rich accounts of stakeholders’ views, may nudge the system towards more appropriate responses.

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries / Department: Music.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir com a atividade de extração de rochas ornamentais, por meio de propostas com recomendações que possam indicar passos a serem seguidos (guidelines) para a sustentabilidade desse setor, utilizando como estudo de caso a região noroeste do Estado do Espírito Santo. Para isso são feitas propostas de planejamento em longo prazo por meio do Processo Prospectivo e, em mais curto prazo, por um esquema de certificação sustentável para a atividade, com vistas à sustentabilidade desse polo produtor, considerando sua importância e os problemas existentes. O Processo Prospectivo, feito mediante a utilização da abordagem inicial do Processo Prospectivo, com a varredura (scanning) do ambiente, e aplicado para a região noroeste do estado do Espírito Santo, apresentou-se como uma ferramenta adequada para atingir os objetivos do presente estudo, principalmente por apontar, a partir dos resultados, além da sua continuidade, também a viabilidade de implementar uma certificação de sustentabilidade para o setor de rochas ornamentais, pela concordância observada nos resultados obtidos, na visão dos stakeholders. Para a proposta de certificação sustentável foi feita uma pesquisa por meio de questionário com stakeholders chave da indústria de rochas ornamentais para identificar a percepção desses com relação à iniciativa, que incluiu tópicos gerais e específicos divididos em três temas principais: sustentabilidade da indústria de rochas ornamentais no Brasil; desafios para a sustentabilidade dessa indústria e deficiências e omissões da regulamentação vigente, relativa a esses desafios; e a viabilidade de um processo de certificação sustentável para a indústria de rochas ornamentais no Espírito Santo e a participação dos stakeholders e de seus órgãos nesse processo. Os resultados obtidos com o desenvolvimento do presente estudo permitem concluir que, na visão dos stakeholders da indústria de rochas ornamentais do Brasil, em especial na visão daqueles do estado de Espírito Santo, a formalização das empresas do setor, aliada a um processo de certificação, tem potencial para gerar benefícios significativos para o desenvolvimento local e/ou regional sustentável, o que coincide com outras experiências apresentadas na literatura vigente. Os resultados também mostraram que ainda há muito a ser estudado antes que uma certificação sustentável seja implementada, mas que há sinais encorajadores para a continuidade do trabalho, pois parte significativa dos stakeholders (sociedade, governo e empresários do setor) respondeu favoravelmente a essa iniciativa para o setor, até mesmo em âmbito nacional. Nesse sentido, é reforçada a importância da cooperação entre o setor, a sociedade e governo federal, estadual e municipal em todo o processo, de modo a se criar uma cultura que possibilite a sustentabilidade efetiva desse setor. Finalmente, o trabalho mostra que, apesar dos desafios existentes, as propostas de continuidade do Processo Prospectivo e de viabilização de um processo de certificação sustentável têm potencial para aprimorar a indústria de rochas ornamentais pela adoção de critérios, que visem não somente as questões de caráter econômico, como aquelas que melhorem a performance social e ambiental para a efetiva sustentabilidade dessa indústria. / This work aims to contribute with dimension stones industry by doing proposals and recommendations of guidelines to the sustainability of this industry, based on northwest region of Espirito Santo State as case study. Long term planning by applying the Foresight and of short term a Sustainability Certification Scheme are proposed in order to achieve the sustainability of the producer pole by considering its relevance and the existents problems. Foresight was applied for the northwest region using an initial approach of Foresight with the scanning of the environment, and it is presented as an appropriate tool to achieve the objectives of this study, mainly to point out from the results not only its continuity, but also the feasibility of implementing a sustainability certification scheme for the dimension stones industry, by the agreement observed in the results, in the view of stakeholders. For the sustainability certification scheme a survey was conducted with key stakeholders of the dimension stones industry to identify their perceptions regarding to the initiative, which included general and specific topics in three themes: sustainability of the dimension stones industry in Brazil; challenges to the sustainability of the dimension stones industry, and deficiencies and omissions of current regulatory processes regarding these challenges; and the feasibility of a sustainability certification scheme for the dimension stones industry in Espírito Santo State and the participation of entities/bodies/agencies in this process. The results obtained with the development of this study allow us to conclude that, in the view of stakeholders of the dimension stone industry in Brazil, especially the Espírito Santo State, the formalization of companies in the industry, combined with a certification process has the potential to generate significant benefits for local and/or regional sustainable development, which coincides with other experiences presented in current literature. The results also showed that there is still too much to be studied before a sustainability certification scheme is implemented, but there are encouraging signs for the continuity of the work, as a significant part of stakeholders (society, government and industry entrepreneurs) responded favorably to this initiative the industry, even at the national level. In this sense, it is reinforced the importance of cooperation between industry, society and federal, state and local government throughout the process, in order to create a culture that enables the sustainability of this sector. Finally, the study shows that despite the existing challenges, proposals for continuity of the Foresight and achieving a sustainability certification scheme have the potential to improve the dimension stones industry by adopting criteria that not only consider the economic issues of the industry, but also to improve its social and environmental performance for effective sustainability of this industry.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o papel das certificações ambientais no setor sucroalcooleiro na obtenção de ganhos tanto econômicos quanto financeiros. Para isto, foi realizado um estudo de caso dos elos presentes no setor paulista, a fim de comprovar a existência desses ganhos e de que forma eles ocorrem. Foram ainda utilizados dados primários e secundários obtidos por meio de amplo levantamento bibliográfico e também de questionários enviados aos mais importantes elos do setor. O setor sucroalcooleiro tem sido um dos principais meios para a obtenção dos objetivos brasileiros frente à política nacional de mudanças climáticas. Pelo processo de cogeração intrínseco ao setor, tem-se uma das formas mais limpa e renovável de obtenção de energia elétrica, e pela produção de etanol, tem-se a solução para a substituição dos combustíveis fósseis de forma eficiente. Apesar de suas características, muitos questionamentos foram levantados ao longo dos anos a respeito da real sustentabilidade do setor no Brasil, e é justamente para responder a eles que as certificações surgiram. Ao se certificarem, os elos do setor sucroalcooleiro brasileiro sinalizam o cumprimento das exigências estabelecidas para obtenção do referido selo, como o caso do BONSUCRO que atesta as boas práticas do setor desde a plantação até os produtos finais. Assim, por meio dos selos abrem-se novas possibilidades ao setor, como os mercados, europeu e dos EUA, além do acesso as linhas de crédito exclusivas providas pelo BNDES, que tem como diretrizes o cumprimento de normas ambientais. Concluiu-se que a certificação é de fato uma forma de o setor sucroalcooleiro paulista obter ganhos tanto econômicos, quanto financeiros principalmente por meio dos mercados restritos e políticas de crédito do BNDES. Apesar disso, o trabalho demonstra que há ainda a necessidade de um ajuste das linhas oferecidas pelo banco como um caminho para que os interesses do setor e do BNDES possam convergir, e as políticas públicas realmente incentivarem e darem maior visibilidade à produção brasileira de etanol. / The present study aims to examine the role of environmental certifications in the sugarcane sector in achieving both economic and financial gains. For this purpose, we conducted a case study of the links present in the state of São Paulo in order to prove the existence of such gains and how they occur. Therefore, were used primary and secondary data that were obtained through extensive literature review and also by the answers obtained with the use of questionnaires that were sent to the most important links of the sector. The sugar and alcohol sector has been a major means for achieving the goals of the Brazilian national policy on climate change. By the cogeneration process, that is intrinsic to the sector, we have one of the most clean and renewable way of obtaining electricity, and by the production of ethanol, the solution for the replacement of fossil fuels efficiently. Despite its features, many questions have been raised over the years about the real sustainability of the sector in Brazil, and it is precisely to answer these questions that the certifications have emerged. It is through the process of certification that the links of the Brazilian sugarcane sector show compliance with the requirements laid down for obtaining the said certificate, as is the case of BONSUCRO certificate, that attest that the sector has followed the best practices from the planting of the sugarcane to its final products. Thus, new possibilities for the sector are opened through the certificates, such as the European and the American markets, plus access to exclusive lines of credit provided by BNDES, which has as guidelines the fulfillment with environmental standards. It was concluded that the certification is actually a form of the sugarcane sector of the state of São Paulo obtain gain both economic and financial mainly through restricted markets and by the credit policies of the BNDES. Nevertheless, the study demonstrates that there is still a need for an adjustment of the lines offered by the bank as a way for the interests of the sector and the BNDES may converge, and public policies actually encourage and give greater visibility to Brazilian ethanol production.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-01T18:01:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KarinelleGomesCosta.pdf: 2338094 bytes, checksum: 9d44d9d6184fa92d04951f6089aa809f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KarinelleGomesCosta.pdf: 2338094 bytes, checksum: 9d44d9d6184fa92d04951f6089aa809f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-02 / The growing interest and awareness of the issue of sustainability within companies led to the creation of an environmental certification of buildings with its own methodology within the mining sector. The increased interest gave rise a new situation, characterized in analyzing the representativeness of this front methodology to an international methodology. Certifications or Green Seals are tools used to aver if sustainable buildings have acceptable performance levels through energy efficiency, reducing the use of natural resources and generation of pollution, confirming good management of the environment built. The present study was aimed to promote comparative analysis of methodologies and requirements applied for SELO VERDE, own methodology implemented in a mining company and LEED certification, seeking opportunities for improvement and adaptation possibilities to support for environmental certification of sustainable buildings. The methodology used was divided into classification stages of certification systems defined to work, comparative analysis between selected environmental certification systems and discussing about inadequacies and proposition of alternatives for adaptation of such evaluative criteria for the context of the buildings found in the mining company. From the comparative analysis and marking of the evaluation items, it can be said that the tools and credits studied demonstrated to be applied for the buildings located within the company even if improvements are necessary for some items. This consolidated by PROPOSED SELO VERDE. / O crescente interesse e conscientização com relação à sustentabilidade dentro das empresas motivou a criação da certificação ambiental de edificações com metodologia própria dentro do setor de mineração. A potencialização desse interesse ensejou uma nova situação, caracterizada em avaliar a representatividade desta metodologia frente à uma metodologia internacional. As certificações ou selos verdes são as ferramentas utilizadas para comprovar se os edifícios sustentáveis possuem índices de desempenho aceitáveis por meio da eficiência energética, redução do uso dos recursos naturais e geração de poluição, confirmando uma boa gestão do ambiente construído. O objetivo deste trabalho foi promover uma análise comparativa de metodologias e requisitos empregados no SELO VERDE e a certificação LEED, buscando mapear oportunidades de melhoria e possibilidades de adaptação para o embasamento de uma certificação ambiental sustentável de edificações. A metodologia empregada foi dividida nas etapas de classificação dos sistemas de certificação definidos para o trabalho, análises comparativas entre os sistemas de certificação ambiental selecionados e discussão das inadequações com proposição das alternativas para adaptação de tais critérios avaliativos para o contexto das edificações encontradas na empresa de mineração. A partir da análise comparativa, pode-se afirmar que as ferramentas e créditos estudados demonstraram-se aplicáveis às edificações situadas dentro da empresa, mesmo com necessidade de melhorias em alguns itens. Estes consolidados pelo SELO VERDE PROPOSTO.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar o papel das certificações ambientais no setor sucroalcooleiro na obtenção de ganhos tanto econômicos quanto financeiros. Para isto, foi realizado um estudo de caso dos elos presentes no setor paulista, a fim de comprovar a existência desses ganhos e de que forma eles ocorrem. Foram ainda utilizados dados primários e secundários obtidos por meio de amplo levantamento bibliográfico e também de questionários enviados aos mais importantes elos do setor. O setor sucroalcooleiro tem sido um dos principais meios para a obtenção dos objetivos brasileiros frente à política nacional de mudanças climáticas. Pelo processo de cogeração intrínseco ao setor, tem-se uma das formas mais limpa e renovável de obtenção de energia elétrica, e pela produção de etanol, tem-se a solução para a substituição dos combustíveis fósseis de forma eficiente. Apesar de suas características, muitos questionamentos foram levantados ao longo dos anos a respeito da real sustentabilidade do setor no Brasil, e é justamente para responder a eles que as certificações surgiram. Ao se certificarem, os elos do setor sucroalcooleiro brasileiro sinalizam o cumprimento das exigências estabelecidas para obtenção do referido selo, como o caso do BONSUCRO que atesta as boas práticas do setor desde a plantação até os produtos finais. Assim, por meio dos selos abrem-se novas possibilidades ao setor, como os mercados, europeu e dos EUA, além do acesso as linhas de crédito exclusivas providas pelo BNDES, que tem como diretrizes o cumprimento de normas ambientais. Concluiu-se que a certificação é de fato uma forma de o setor sucroalcooleiro paulista obter ganhos tanto econômicos, quanto financeiros principalmente por meio dos mercados restritos e políticas de crédito do BNDES. Apesar disso, o trabalho demonstra que há ainda a necessidade de um ajuste das linhas oferecidas pelo banco como um caminho para que os interesses do setor e do BNDES possam convergir, e as políticas públicas realmente incentivarem e darem maior visibilidade à produção brasileira de etanol. / The present study aims to examine the role of environmental certifications in the sugarcane sector in achieving both economic and financial gains. For this purpose, we conducted a case study of the links present in the state of São Paulo in order to prove the existence of such gains and how they occur. Therefore, were used primary and secondary data that were obtained through extensive literature review and also by the answers obtained with the use of questionnaires that were sent to the most important links of the sector. The sugar and alcohol sector has been a major means for achieving the goals of the Brazilian national policy on climate change. By the cogeneration process, that is intrinsic to the sector, we have one of the most clean and renewable way of obtaining electricity, and by the production of ethanol, the solution for the replacement of fossil fuels efficiently. Despite its features, many questions have been raised over the years about the real sustainability of the sector in Brazil, and it is precisely to answer these questions that the certifications have emerged. It is through the process of certification that the links of the Brazilian sugarcane sector show compliance with the requirements laid down for obtaining the said certificate, as is the case of BONSUCRO certificate, that attest that the sector has followed the best practices from the planting of the sugarcane to its final products. Thus, new possibilities for the sector are opened through the certificates, such as the European and the American markets, plus access to exclusive lines of credit provided by BNDES, which has as guidelines the fulfillment with environmental standards. It was concluded that the certification is actually a form of the sugarcane sector of the state of São Paulo obtain gain both economic and financial mainly through restricted markets and by the credit policies of the BNDES. Nevertheless, the study demonstrates that there is still a need for an adjustment of the lines offered by the bank as a way for the interests of the sector and the BNDES may converge, and public policies actually encourage and give greater visibility to Brazilian ethanol production.

Thesis (MPHM. (Curriculum Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / The quality of mortality data in South Africa has been questioned because of the high percentage of deaths reported to be due to ill-defined causes. We sought to assess the level of knowledge of doctors on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) rules for medical certification of cause of death and determine the factors influencing that knowledge. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted across 12 hospitals in Limpopo Province among the five districts stratified by level of care. Doctors completed selfadministered questionnaire, which included the baseline characteristics and questions that tested their theoretical knowledge of the ICD rules of death certification. The outcome, an adequate level of knowledge was set at a score of ≥ 60%. A chi square test was used to determine the factors associated with the outcome. Ethical approval was obtained from Turfloop Research Ethics Committee, University of Limpopo. Results Of the 301 doctors who participated, 50.5% were female, 64% were junior doctors and 13% were specialists. Up to 49% of doctors worked in the two tertiary hospitals. Only 18% of the doctors have ever attended a Continuing Professional Development (CPD) on the topic. The mean overall score on knowledge of medical certification for all the doctors was 59.80% (±11.95) with 53% obtaining at least 60% on the questionnaire. Doctors lacked knowledge on identifying unnatural deaths and discerning the underlying cause of death. Factors associated with the adequate knowledge included years of clinical experience (p=0.01), previous training (p<0.001), awareness of guidelines (p=0.04), comfort level (p=0.01) and rank (p=0.02). Conclusion The study highlighted the need for training of all doctors in the province and identified the knowledge gaps. Interactive capacity-building workshops have been shown to improve knowledge of doctors on medical certification of cause of death in other studies. To improve the quality of mortality data in Limpopo Province, such workshops must be conducted in all hospitals. Key words: death notification, medical certification, cause of death