Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_7769_Bruno Cancian de Araujo.pdf: 14411584 bytes, checksum: b064981d037df6effd664835b257b5d9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / A primeira análise cladística supraespecífica de Hybothoracini é apresentada. São testados 21 gêneros e 92 UTOs. Com base em 91 caracteres morfológicos, foram realizadas 11 análises de parcimônia, sendo uma com pesagem igual e 10 com pesagem implícita para valores de k entre 1 e 300. As análises de pesagem igual resultaram em quatro árvores igualmente parcimoniosas sob as quais foi gerada uma árvore de consenso estrito. As 10 análises de pesagem implícita geraram uma árvore cada, com basicamente três topologias distintas, para k variando entre 1 e 10, entre 16 e 50, e entre 100 e 300. Hybothoracini é monofilético em todas as análises e inclui Tropimeris e Zavoya como proposto por Wijesekara (1997). Os seguintes gêneros são mantidos: Hastius Schmitz, Hybothorax Ratzeburg, Irichohalticella, Cameron, Lasiochalcidia Masi, Nearretocera Girault, Nipponochalcidia Habu, Notaspidiella Bouček, Notaspidium Dalla Torre, Proconura Dodd, Psilochalcis Kieffer, Schwarzella Ashmead, Solenochalcidia Steffan, Steninvreia Bouček, Xenarretocera Girault, Tropimeris Steffan. São propostas nove sinonímias genéricas, a citar: Hayatiella Narendran, sin. nov. e Neohybothorax Nikol'skaya, sin. nov. sob Hybothorax Ratzeburg; Bucekia Steffan, sin. nov. e Indoinvreia Roy & Farooqi, sin. nov. sob Lasiochalcidia Masi; Halsteadium Bouček, sin. nov. sob Notaspidium Dalla Torre; Cephalochalcidia Nikolskaya, sin. nov., Euchalcidiella Masi, sin. nov., Hyperchalcidia Steffan, sin. nov., Peltochalcidia Steffan, sin. nov. sob Xenarretocera Girault. São propostas 32 combinações novas e uma revalidação de combinação, a citar: Hybothorax aligarhensis (Narendran, 1989), comb. nov., Hybothorax hetera Walker, 1834, comb. nov., Hybothorax imitator (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov., Lasiochalcidia bouceki (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov., Lasiochalcidia differens Bouček, 1949, comb. rev., Lasiochalcidia dissimilis (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov., Psilochalcis erythropus (Cameron, 1897) comb. nov., Lasiochalcidia turkomana (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. 9 nov., Lasiochalcidia carinigena (Cameron, 1907) comb. nov., Lasiochalcidia zdenekia (Roy & Farooqi, 1984) comb. nov., Notaspidium alterum (Bouček, 1992) comb. nov., Notaspidium petiolatum (Bouček, 1992) comb. nov., Proconura menoni (Roy & Farooqi, 1984) comb. nov., Psilochalcis merita (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov., Xenarretocera capitata (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov., Xenarretocera levis (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov., Xenarretocera bardiensis (Masi, 1929b) comb. nov., Xenarretocera benoisti (Steffan, 1948) comb. nov., Xenarretocera capensis (Steffan, 1948) comb. nov., Xenarretocera clypeata (Bouček, 1952) comb. nov., Xenarretocera frontalis (Askew, 1994) comb. nov., Xenarretocera nigerrima (Masi, 1929c) comb. nov., Xenarretocera nitens (Steffan, 1948) comb. nov., Xenarretocera oranensis (Bouček, 1952) comb. nov., Xenarretocera patrizii (Masi, 1929d) comb. nov., Xenarretocera popovi (Nikol'skaya & Kyao, 1954) comb. nov., Xenarretocera schoutedeni (Steffan, 1954) comb. nov., Xenarretocera shestakovi (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov., Xenarretocera soudanensis (Steffan, 1951a) comb. nov., Xenarretocera tadzhika (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov., Xenarretocera usta (Grissell & Schauff, 1981) comb. nov., Xenarretocera zarudnyi (Nikol'skaya, 1960) comb. nov..

A taxonomic and phylogenetic study of the tribe Habrolepidini is described. A cladistic analysis was carried out in order to establish the phylogenetic relationships of the supraspecific taxa of the tribe. An illustrated key for the identification at the level of genera is included. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis, the diagnosis and taxonomic descriptions of the recognized taxa are presented. A single most parsimonius parsimony tree was obtained from the cladistic analysis based on 67 morphological characters, generated by a two-step procedure using PAUP. Initially, heuristic searches considering all characters with equal weights resulted in three equally parsimonious trees. Then the method of successive approximation weighting was applied to the three trees. The values of statistic parameters of the most parsimonious tree are: length = 582 steps; consistency index = 0.4966, retention index = 0.5850. The results support the hypothesis that the tribe Habrolepidini is monophyletic. It is defined by the presence of a specialized ventral mandibular tooth that is formed through modification of a seta into a stout socketed spine and three more unambiguous characters, clava length from 2.57 to 3.28, small hexagonal sculpture of scutellum and sensilla in three circles in a straight line. The inclusion of the genera Anthemus, Arrenophagoidea, Arrenophagus, Thomsonisca and Zaomma into Habrolepidini is supported by the presence of the mandibular tooth or by sister group relationships to other taxa with the mandibular tooth. The revision of the genera Ceraptroceroideus and Homalopoda is included; the taxonomic revision of each genus includes a key, diagnosis, descriptions and illustrations for all the species.

A taxonomic and phylogenetic study of the tribe Habrolepidini is described. A cladistic analysis was carried out in order to establish the phylogenetic relationships of the supraspecific taxa of the tribe. An illustrated key for the identification at the level of genera is included. Based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis, the diagnosis and taxonomic descriptions of the recognized taxa are presented. A single most parsimonius parsimony tree was obtained from the cladistic analysis based on 67 morphological characters, generated by a two-step procedure using PAUP. Initially, heuristic searches considering all characters with equal weights resulted in three equally parsimonious trees. Then the method of successive approximation weighting was applied to the three trees. The values of statistic parameters of the most parsimonious tree are: length = 582 steps; consistency index = 0.4966, retention index = 0.5850. The results support the hypothesis that the tribe Habrolepidini is monophyletic. It is defined by the presence of a specialized ventral mandibular tooth that is formed through modification of a seta into a stout socketed spine and three more unambiguous characters, clava length from 2.57 to 3.28, small hexagonal sculpture of scutellum and sensilla in three circles in a straight line. The inclusion of the genera Anthemus, Arrenophagoidea, Arrenophagus, Thomsonisca and Zaomma into Habrolepidini is supported by the presence of the mandibular tooth or by sister group relationships to other taxa with the mandibular tooth. The revision of the genera Ceraptroceroideus and Homalopoda is included; the taxonomic revision of each genus includes a key, diagnosis, descriptions and illustrations for all the species.

Com o objetivo de analisar a fauna de himenópteros parasitoides (Hymenoptera:Chalcididae) e de coleobrocas (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) associados à cultura de T. grandis, foram utilizadas 5 armadilhas de Malaise instaladas no interior da floresta plantada. As coletas foram realizadas, semanalmente, de outubro de 2009 a setembro de 2010, em área de reflorestamento situado no município de Cáceres, MT. Foram analisados os índices faunísticos de frequência, constância, abundância e dominância e também diversidade de espécies. Foram coletados 414 parasitoides; pertencentes às famílias Chalcididae e distribuídos em 3 gêneros e 16 espécies e 715 espécies de coleobrocas, pertencentes à família Cerambycidae e distribuídos em 2 subfamílias, 18 tribos, 33 gêneros e 36 espécies. As espécies de parasitoides mais abundantes foram Brachymeria pandora e Ceyxia ventrispinosa. As espécies mais abundantes de coleobrocas foram Neoclytus pusillus, Achryson surinamum, Chlorida festiva, Coleoxestia atrata, Cosmoplatidius abare, Hexoplon uncinatum e Megacyllene acuta. / This research deals with the association of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) with wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a commercial forest of Tectona grandis located in Cáceres, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The insects were collected by using five Malaise traps in different sites of the forest, from October 2009 to September 2010. The following indexes were analyzed: frequency, constancy, abundance, dominance and species diversity. A total of 414 Chalcididae parasitoids and 715 Cerambycidae wood borers were collected. The most abundant parasitoid species were Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa while the most wood borers ones were Neoclytus pusillus, Achryson surinamum, Chlorida festiva, Coleoxestia atrata, Cosmoplatidius abare, Hexoplon uncinatum and Megacyllene acuta.

Com o objetivo de analisar a fauna de himenópteros parasitoides (Hymenoptera:Chalcididae) e de coleobrocas (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) associados à cultura de T. grandis, foram utilizadas 5 armadilhas de Malaise instaladas no interior da floresta plantada. As coletas foram realizadas, semanalmente, de outubro de 2009 a setembro de 2010, em área de reflorestamento situado no município de Cáceres, MT. Foram analisados os índices faunísticos de frequência, constância, abundância e dominância e também diversidade de espécies. Foram coletados 414 parasitoides; pertencentes às famílias Chalcididae e distribuídos em 3 gêneros e 16 espécies e 715 espécies de coleobrocas, pertencentes à família Cerambycidae e distribuídos em 2 subfamílias, 18 tribos, 33 gêneros e 36 espécies. As espécies de parasitoides mais abundantes foram Brachymeria pandora e Ceyxia ventrispinosa. As espécies mais abundantes de coleobrocas foram Neoclytus pusillus, Achryson surinamum, Chlorida festiva, Coleoxestia atrata, Cosmoplatidius abare, Hexoplon uncinatum e Megacyllene acuta. / This research deals with the association of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) with wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in a commercial forest of Tectona grandis located in Cáceres, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The insects were collected by using five Malaise traps in different sites of the forest, from October 2009 to September 2010. The following indexes were analyzed: frequency, constancy, abundance, dominance and species diversity. A total of 414 Chalcididae parasitoids and 715 Cerambycidae wood borers were collected. The most abundant parasitoid species were Brachymeria pandora and Ceyxia ventrispinosa while the most wood borers ones were Neoclytus pusillus, Achryson surinamum, Chlorida festiva, Coleoxestia atrata, Cosmoplatidius abare, Hexoplon uncinatum and Megacyllene acuta.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-10-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:42:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_rs_dr_jabo.pdf: 1593965 bytes, checksum: fdd7c0ec03d968f08907273deefc9096 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Plantacoes E. Michelin Ltda. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento de parasitóides associados à Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) em talhões de seringueiras de cultivo na fazenda da empresa “Plantações E. Michelin Ltda.”, município de Itiquira – MT (17º22’23’’S, 54º44’23’’W). Foram realizados três ensaios para determinar a ocorrência, porcentagem de parasitismo e flutuação populacional da praga e parasitóides em talhões com e sem aplicação de produtos fitossanitários. Também foi verificada a influência a idade da folha de seringueira na oviposição de L. heveae e na ocorrência de parasitóides e a distribuição espacial de parasitóides nos lados dos talhões, em cinco clones de seringueira (RRIM 600, PR 255, PB 217, PB 235 e GT 1). Nos ensaios realizados eram coletadas folhas maduras (completamente expandidas), sendo demarcadas as áreas contendo os ovos de L. heveae, do terço inferior da copa de árvores dos cinco clones estudados. No ensaio correspondente à influência da idade das folhas, além de folhas maduras, eram coletadas folhas intermediárias (semiexpandidas e verde-claras) e novas (não expandidas e arroxeadas). Em todos os ensaios realizados a espécie Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) foi a mais abundante e freqüente. A porcentagem de parasitismo de E. tingitiphagus sobre ovos de L. heveae variou entre 13,8% no clone PB 235 a 30,8% no RRIM 600 em condições naturais. Os picos populacionais de L. heveae e de E. tingitiphagus deram-se nos meses de outubro e novembro nas áreas estudadas. Verificou-se que a distribuição de E. tingitiphagus ocorreu de maneira eqüitativa nos lados dos talhões, com tendência a concentrar-se no centro dos mesmos. A oviposição de L. heveae é maior em folhas maduras em relação às intermediárias e novas. / The objective of this work was to make a survey of parasitoids associated with Leptopharsa heveae (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in lots of rubber trees cultivation on the farm of the company “Plantações E. Michelin Ltda.”, municipality of Itiquira – MT (17º22’23’’, 54º44’23’’W). Three experiments were made to determine the occurrence, percentage of parasitism and population flotation of the pest and parasitoids in lots with and without application of pesticides. Also the influence of the age of the rubber tree leaf was verified in the oviposition of L. heveae and in the parasitoids occurrence and the space distribution of parasitoids beside the lots, in five rubber tree clones (RRIM 600, PR 255, PB 217, PB 235 and GT 1). Through the experiments made, ripe leaves were collected (completely expanded), being demarcated the areas containing L. heveae’s eggs, of the inferior third of the canopies of the five studied clones. In the experiment corresponding to the influence of the age of the leaves, besides ripe leaves, intermediate leaves were collected (semi-expanded and light green) and new (unexpanded and purple). In all experiments made, the species Erythmelus tingitiphagus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was the most abundant and frequent. The percentage of parasitism of E. tingitiphagus on eggs of L. heveae varied between 13.8% in the PB 235 clone, to 30.8% in RRIM 600 in natural conditions. L. heveae’s and E. tingitiphagus’s population picks happened in the months of October and November in the studied areas. It was verified that that the distribution of E. tingitiphagus happened in an equal way in the sides of the lots, with tendency to concentrate in the center of themselves. The oviposition of L. heveae is larger in ripe leaves related to the intermediate and new ones.

My master thesis deals with biology and morphology of the species Anaphes flavipes (Chalcidoidea: Mymaridae) and its potential use for biological control of leaf beetles. Particularly, the fitness of wasps was studied and a statistically significant difference in number of parasitize host eggs for mated females compared to non-mated. The effect of feeding parental population on the number of parasitized host eggs, the number of offspring in F1 generation or their sex ratio, was not proved. Study of host specificity of A. flavipes indicates preference for host eggs of species Oulema melanopus. Preference for heavier host eggs was not confirmed. The effect of host eggs weight on number of eggs wasps inside was not conclusive either. Length of parasitism of host eggs was consistent with earlier studies. The passive defense of host O. gallaecina against parasitoid was observed. Variability of the species depending on location, host, nutrition, etc. was determined using morphological measurements. The third part of the thesis is focused on population density of A. flavipes and its hosts in the localities of organic versus conventional farming in order to use the parasitoid for biological control. There was no significant difference in the size of pest and parasitoid populations between the types of agriculture....

The genus Torymus (Chalcidoidea: Torymidae) has very diversified parasitic strategies and adaptations to its hosts. Its larvae are ectoparasitoids and attack mostly larvae of various gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). However, few species prefer also other insect groups as a host or are even phytophagous. Many hypotheses concerning evolution of insect host associations were published, but have not been satisfactorily tested using parasitic insects as a model. In this thesis I studied coevolution of the genus Torymus and its hosts. The main questions are what kind of host shifts occurred during the evolution of host strategies and whether sister species of parasitoids are specific to the related hosts/or nonrelated hosts living in the same type of habitat. I also studied changes at morphological adaptations to its hosts. To test critically these hypotheses, I constructed phylogenetic tree of selected Torymus species based on 5 genes and compared their host association within and between clades of Torymus. Key words: Torymus, Chalcidoide, parasitoid, phylogeny, host specialisation

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5149.pdf: 19234114 bytes, checksum: 746c92ee6c0b11a82da926b06b913747 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of parasitoids of the major pests of maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in different production systems. The experiment was conducted at the Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, in Sete Lagoas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in conventional production systems, organic, organic intercropped with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and organic exclusive. In the collections of plants made in conventional maize and organic maize were only obtained larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, with the emergence of the parasitoids Archytas sp.1, Archytas sp.2, Cotesia sp., Dolichozele koebelei, Eiphosoma laphygmae, Eiphosoma sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.2, Euplectrus sp., Exasticolus sp. nov., Hyphantrophaga sp. and Winthemia sp. Cremastinae species and Ophion flavidus occurred in organic maize; Campoletis sp. in conventional maize. In the ear of conventional maize and ear of organic maize were obtained larvae of Diatraea saccharalis, Dichomeris famulata, Euxesta spp., Helicoverpa zea, Megaselia seticauda and S. frugiperda. Megaselia seticauda was first reported in the ears of maize in Brazil. The parasitoids obtained from the ears of conventional maize and organic maize in S. frugiperda were: Hyphantrophaga sp. occurring in both areas, Glyptapanteles sp. only in the conventional maize and Microcharops sp. only in the organic maize, for H. zea in the organic maize parasitized larvae were not obtained, in the conventional maize, occurred the parasitoids Aleiodes sp. and Copidosoma sp. Apanteles sp. and Phanerotoma sp. occurred on D. famulata in the conventional maize and organic maize; Chelonus (Microchelonus) sp. nov., Microcharops sp. and Perilampus sp. occurred only in the conventional maize. Apsilophrys sp. occurred only in organic maize. These are the first records of Apanteles sp., Chelonus (Microchelonus) sp. nov., Microcharops sp., Perilampus sp. and Phanerotoma sp. on D. famulata. In Euxesta spp. in the organic maize were not obtained larvaes killed by parasitoids in the conventional maize on Euxesta spp. occurred the parasitoid Dettmeria sp. About D. saccharalis and M. seticauda, there were not obtained parasitoids. In the collections of stalks of conventional maize and organic maize, there was a prevalence of D. saccharalis, S. frugiperda occurred only in conventional maize. There were not observed larvaes of S. frugiperda killed by parasitoids, but for D. saccharalis, occurred, in two areas, the parasitoid Lixophaga sp. In the collections of plants, in the organic maize exclusive and organic maize intercropped with beans, the parasitoids obtained from the larvae of S. frugiperda were Archytas sp., Campoletis sp., Cotesia sp., D. koebelei, E. laphygmae, Eiphosoma sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.2, Eiphosoma sp.3, Eiphosoma sp.4, Eiphosoma sp.5, Glyptapanteles sp., Microcharops sp. and O. flavidus. The parasitoids Aprostocetus sp., Chelonus insularis, Colpotrochia sp. nov. and Ichneumoninae were observed only in the exclusive organic maize, while Apanteles sp. and Eiphosoma sp.6 only in the organic maize intercropped with beans. From the pests of the ear of maize collected in the organic maize exclusive and in the organic maize intercropped with beans occurred larvaes of D. famulata, Euxesta spp., H. zea, M. seticauda and S. frugiperda. From these only larvaes of H. zea and D. famulata were parasitized. The index of parasitism of H. zea by Archytas sp. was similar in both areas, the parasitoid of D. famulata, Apsilophrys sp. was observed in all samples of organic maize intercropped with beans, but it did not occur in any collection of the exclusive organic maize. In these samples were not obtained for parasitoids Euxesta spp., M. seticauda and S. frugiperda. In the collections of stalks in organic maize exclusive and organic maize intercropped with beans were obtained only larvaes of D. saccharalis without the occurrence of parasitoids. In both experiments the number of larvaes of the pests collected was low, new associations and new species of parasitoids reported represent the possibility of the exploitation of these natural enemies in the control of pests in the culture of maize. / O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de parasitoides das principais pragas de milho (Zea mays L.) cultivado em diferentes sistemas de produção. O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Milho e Sorgo em Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil, em sistemas de produção convencional, orgânico, orgânico consorciado com feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) e orgânico solteiro. Nas coletas de plantas realizadas no milho convencional e no milho orgânico só foram obtidas larvas de Spodoptera frugiperda, com a emergência dos parasitoides Archytas sp.1, Archytas sp.2, Cotesia sp., Dolichozele koebelei, Eiphosoma laphygmae, Eiphosoma sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.2, Euplectrus sp., Exasticolus sp. nov., Hyphantrophaga sp. e Winthemia sp. Espécies de Cremastinae e Ophion flavidus ocorreram no milho orgânico; Campoletis sp., no milho convencional. Nas espigas de milho convencional e de milho orgânico foram obtidas larvas de Diatraea saccharalis, Dichomeris famulata, Euxesta spp., Helicoverpa zea, Megaselia seticauda e S. frugiperda. Megaselia seticauda foi registrada pela primeira vez em espigas de milho no Brasil. Os parasitoides obtidos das espigas no milho convencional e no milho orgânico em S. frugiperda foram: Hyphantrophaga sp. ocorrendo nas duas áreas; Glyptapanteles sp., apenas no milho convencional; e Microcharops sp., somente no milho orgânico; para H. zea no milho orgânico não foram obtidas larvas parasitadas, no milho convencional, ocorreram os parasitoides Aleiodes sp. e Copidosoma sp., Apanteles sp. e Phanerotoma sp. ocorreram sobre D. famulata no milho convencional e no milho orgânico; Chelonus (Microchelonus) sp. nov., Microcharops sp. e Perilampus sp. ocorreram apenas no milho convencional; Apsilophrys sp., ocorreu somente no milho orgânico. Esses são os primeiros registros de Apanteles sp., Chelonus (Microchelonus) sp. nov., Microcharops sp., Perilampus sp. e Phanerotoma sp. sobre D. famulata. Em Euxesta spp. no milho orgânico não foram obtidas larvas mortas por parasitoides, no milho convencional sobre Euxesta spp. ocorreu o parasitoide Dettmeria sp. Sobre D. saccharalis e M. seticauda, não foram obtidos parasitoides. Nas coletas de colmos em milho convencional e no milho orgânico, houve prevalência de D. saccharalis. Não foram observadas larvas de S. frugiperda mortas por parasitoides, já para D. saccharalis, ocorreu, nas duas áreas, o parasitoide Lixophaga sp. Nas coletas de plantas, no milho orgânico solteiro e no milho orgânico consorciado com feijão, os parasitoides obtidos das larvas de S. frugiperda foram Archytas sp., Campoletis sp., Cotesia sp., D. koebelei, E. laphygmae, Eiphosoma sp.1, Eiphosoma sp.2, Eiphosoma sp.3, Eiphosoma sp.4, Eiphosoma sp.5, Glyptapanteles sp., Microcharops sp. e O. flavidus. Já os parasitoides Aprostocetus sp., Chelonus insularis, Colpotrochia sp. nov. e Ichneumoninae foram observados somente no milho orgânico solteiro, enquanto Apanteles sp. e Eiphosoma sp.6 apenas no milho orgânico consorciado com feijão. Quanto às pragas da espiga coletadas no milho orgânico solteiro e no milho orgânico consorciado com feijão ocorreram larvas de D. famulata, Euxesta spp., H. zea, M. seticauda e S. frugiperda. Destas apenas larvas de H. zea e de D. famulata foram parasitadas. O índice de parasitismo de H. zea por Archytas sp. foi semelhante nas duas áreas; o parasitoide de D. famulata, Apsilophrys sp., foi observado em todas as coletas do milho orgânico consorciado com feijão, mas não ocorreu em nenhuma coleta do milho orgânico solteiro. Nessas coletas não foram obtidos parasitoides para Euxesta spp., M. seticauda e S. frugiperda. Nas coletas de colmos em milho orgânico solteiro e no milho orgânico consorciado com feijão foram obtidas apenas larvas de D. saccharalis sem a ocorrência de parasitoides. Nos dois experimentos o número de larvas das pragas coletadas foi baixo, as novas associações e as novas espécies de parasitoides relatadas representam a possibilidade de utilização desses inimigos naturais no controle de pragas na cultura do milho.

The family Megastigmidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), one of the hymenopteran parasitoid families, is unique in containing many species with phytophagous larval feeding strategy. A number of species of different genera are seed-feeders and the genus Bortesia is even capable of inducing galls. The family Megastigmidae is found mainly in the Australian region but a few genera/species groups are widespread throughout different areas, mainly in the Oriental and the Holarctic region. The main goal of this study was to map phylogenetic relationships among genera and clarify the following: the overall number of transitions between a parasitoid and a phytophagous way of life, the ancestral feeding strategy of the family, the evolution of feeding strategies in the genus Megastigmus, and the geographical area of origin of the family. The questions were tested based on a phylogeny reconstructed by a state-of-the-art method - sequencing of "Ultra-Conserved Elements (UCEs)" - using 100 specimens of Megastigmidae from 11 out of 12 currently valid genera selected taking into consideration their feeding strategy and biogeographical origin. The final dataset contains 1210 loci (570,000 base pairs in length) and most nodes are supported by bootstrap value 100. The results show that the family can be divided into 3...