Nucleic acid (NA) purification from clinical samples is commonly achieved using silica solid phase extraction in the presence of a chaotropic salt. Versions of these protocols have been adapted for point of care (POC) diagnostic devices in miniaturized platforms. Most such protocols require a high net amount of input NA, which is often achieved by adding exogenous carrier NA to the clinical sample. As a result, for samples containing less than 1 μg of total NA, NA recovery is low in the absence of carrier NA. Clinical samples used in POC diagnostics may contain very low NA concentrations (~1 ng/ml), which result in NA-limited interactions with the solid phase that are outside the dynamic range of POC diagnostics. This work is a study of DNA-silica interactions in the DNA-limiting regime to gain fundamental understanding of the mechanisms at play in order to increase the dynamic range and sensitivity of miniaturized NA based POC diagnostics. DNA adsorption and recovery from silica surfaces for concentrations less than 1 μg/ml are studied. A protocol was designed and developed to systematically quantify the adsorption of DNA onto a silica surface and the amount of DNA recovered by elution at very low concentrations. Various adsorption conditions were examined including a range of pH, different chaotropes, and DNA concentrations down to 2.5 pg/ml. DNA recovery was further optimized for low concentration samples by varying elution buffers. DNA-silica adsorption was enhanced by low pH and was further improved by the presence of a chaotrope. Different adsorption conditions had little effect on DNA recovery using low salt, high pH elution buffers, but DNA recovery did exceed 40% when adsorbed initially with 5 M guanidinium thiocyanate at pH 5.2. Recovery was enhanced by eluting with 95 °C formamide or 1 M NaOH, supporting the hypothesis that DNA-silica interactions are dominated by hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding. While heated formamide and NaOH are non-ideal elution buffers for practical POC devices, these results are important for engineering a set of optimized reagents and conditions that could maximize DNA recovery from a microfluidic POC silica system. / 2017-06-21T00:00:00Z

A toxoplasmose é uma protozoose altamente prevalente que atinge pelo menos um bilhão de indivíduos no mundo. A infecção causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii é benigna e assintomática, mas pode causar perdas visuais ou morte em fetos e pacientes imunossuprimidos. Isto pode ser controlado com diagnóstico e instituição de tratamento, mas depende da determinação de infecção ativa ou recente. O diagnóstico parasitológico é complexo, demorado e só executado em poucos centros, sendo a sorologia específica essencial no diagnóstico da doença. A avidez de anticorpos IgG tem sido utilizada para determinação da infecção recente, porém os testes convencionais de avidez só permitem uma estimativa indireta destes anticorpos a partir dos anticorpos totais e os de alta avidez. A quantificação destes anticorpos de baixa avidez seria interessante devido aos altos títulos na fase aguda da infecção ou como marcadores da atividade da doença. Padronizamos um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), utilizando o pH como agente caotrópico, para permitir a determinação e quantificação dos anticorpos de baixa avidez. Na padronização utilizamos amostras de soro de coelhos experimentalmente infectados ou amostras do banco de material biológico do Laboratório de Protozoologia do IMTSP. Nossos resultados mostraram que pH 3,5 apresentou poder caotrópico semelhante a uréia 6M (r2= 0,9909), e que nos soros experimentais, os anticorpos de alta avidez foram resistentes aos dois caotrópicos associados. Os anticorpos recuperados na eluição com pH 3.5 ou Uréia eram semelhantes quanto a especificidade antigênica por imunomarcação ou Western Blot. A neutralização do anticorpo eluído por pH permitiu seu reensaio por ELISA após 1 hora de renaturação, com a quantificação direta dos anticorpos de baixa avidez.. A reprodutibilidade intra e inter teste foi superior a 95%, embora com resultados piores para o pH 3,5. Uma vez padronizada a reação, foram analisadas 150 amostras de soros humanos com sorologia e avidez conhecidas, composta por grande maioria de soros de alta avidez. As medidas de avidez por porcentagem mostraram um resultado errático, atribuído ao uso de grande maioria de anticorpos de alta avidez, embora a medida dos anticorpos recuperados mantivesse correlação com estimativa a partir da medida indireta (r2= 0.48). Esta abordagem permite a determinação direta dos anticorpos de baixa avidez, que são os anticorpos inicialmente produzidos em um desafio antigênico. Nosso ensaio é semelhante ao imunológico, já que a apresentação de antígenos por exossomos ácidos de células dendríticas foliculares no centro germinativo parece ser o sistema de seleção de clones produtores de anticorpos de alta avidez. As perspectivas futuras de uso da medida dos anticorpos de baixa avidez na toxoplasmose são imensas, desde a relação com a gravidade da doença, pela sua quantidade, ou da presença de infecção recente, principalmente em infecção congênita ou e em imunossuprimidos, ou a reatividade da doença crônica, como na toxoplasmose ocular. / Toxoplasmosis is a highly prevalent protozoosis, affecting at least one billion people worldwide. The infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii is asymptomatic and benign but it can cause visual losses in addition to death in fetuses and immunocompromised patients. The agent can be controlled by early diagnosis and treatment, but this therapy depends on the determination of active or recent infection. The parasitological diagnosis is complex, time consuming and only performed in few centers, so specific serology is essential for diagnosis. The IgG avidity tests has been used to determine recent infection, but avidity conventional tests only provide an indirect estimate of low avidity antibodies from the total and high avidity antibodies. The quantification of low avidity antibodies would be interesting due to high titers in the acute phase of infection or as markers of disease activity. Using reversible chaotrope such as pH, we standardized an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) to allow the determination and quantification of low avidity antibodies. For standardization we used serum samples from experimentally infected rabbits or samples of biological material bank of the Laboratory of Protozoology, IMTSP. Our results showed that pH 3.5 is a chaotrope similar to 6M urea (r2 = 0.9909) in avidity ELISA, and high avidity antibodies had similar resistance to two associated chaotrope in experimental sera. The antibodies recovered on elution with pH 3.5 or urea had similar antigen specificity by immunostaining or Western blot. The neutralizing antibody eluted by pH allowed retest by ELISA after 1 hour of refolding, with direct quantification of antibodies of low avidity. The reproducibility inter and intra test were above 95%, but with worse results for pH 3.5. After standardization, we analyzed 150 samples of human sera with known serology and avidity, composed by a large majority of high avidity samples. Avidity as percent of high avidity antibodies showed erratic results in chaotrope comparison, attributed to the majority of high avidity samples, although the direct measure of low avidity IgG kept correlation with the indirect estimate (r2 = 0.48). This approach allows the direct determination of low avidity antibodies that are early produced in an antigen challenge. Our test is similar to the biology of antibody selection, since antigen presentation by acid exosomes of follicular dendritic cells in germinal center seems to be the system of selection of clones that produce high avidity antibodies. The prospective use of the quantification of low avidity antibodies in toxoplasmosis are attractive, either by the quantitative relationship with the severity of the disease; or the increased presence in recent infections, especially in congenital infection and in immunosuppressed patients, or their relative increase in reactivated chronic disease, such as ocular toxoplasmosis.

A toxoplasmose é uma protozoose altamente prevalente que atinge pelo menos um bilhão de indivíduos no mundo. A infecção causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii é benigna e assintomática, mas pode causar perdas visuais ou morte em fetos e pacientes imunossuprimidos. Isto pode ser controlado com diagnóstico e instituição de tratamento, mas depende da determinação de infecção ativa ou recente. O diagnóstico parasitológico é complexo, demorado e só executado em poucos centros, sendo a sorologia específica essencial no diagnóstico da doença. A avidez de anticorpos IgG tem sido utilizada para determinação da infecção recente, porém os testes convencionais de avidez só permitem uma estimativa indireta destes anticorpos a partir dos anticorpos totais e os de alta avidez. A quantificação destes anticorpos de baixa avidez seria interessante devido aos altos títulos na fase aguda da infecção ou como marcadores da atividade da doença. Padronizamos um ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), utilizando o pH como agente caotrópico, para permitir a determinação e quantificação dos anticorpos de baixa avidez. Na padronização utilizamos amostras de soro de coelhos experimentalmente infectados ou amostras do banco de material biológico do Laboratório de Protozoologia do IMTSP. Nossos resultados mostraram que pH 3,5 apresentou poder caotrópico semelhante a uréia 6M (r2= 0,9909), e que nos soros experimentais, os anticorpos de alta avidez foram resistentes aos dois caotrópicos associados. Os anticorpos recuperados na eluição com pH 3.5 ou Uréia eram semelhantes quanto a especificidade antigênica por imunomarcação ou Western Blot. A neutralização do anticorpo eluído por pH permitiu seu reensaio por ELISA após 1 hora de renaturação, com a quantificação direta dos anticorpos de baixa avidez.. A reprodutibilidade intra e inter teste foi superior a 95%, embora com resultados piores para o pH 3,5. Uma vez padronizada a reação, foram analisadas 150 amostras de soros humanos com sorologia e avidez conhecidas, composta por grande maioria de soros de alta avidez. As medidas de avidez por porcentagem mostraram um resultado errático, atribuído ao uso de grande maioria de anticorpos de alta avidez, embora a medida dos anticorpos recuperados mantivesse correlação com estimativa a partir da medida indireta (r2= 0.48). Esta abordagem permite a determinação direta dos anticorpos de baixa avidez, que são os anticorpos inicialmente produzidos em um desafio antigênico. Nosso ensaio é semelhante ao imunológico, já que a apresentação de antígenos por exossomos ácidos de células dendríticas foliculares no centro germinativo parece ser o sistema de seleção de clones produtores de anticorpos de alta avidez. As perspectivas futuras de uso da medida dos anticorpos de baixa avidez na toxoplasmose são imensas, desde a relação com a gravidade da doença, pela sua quantidade, ou da presença de infecção recente, principalmente em infecção congênita ou e em imunossuprimidos, ou a reatividade da doença crônica, como na toxoplasmose ocular. / Toxoplasmosis is a highly prevalent protozoosis, affecting at least one billion people worldwide. The infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii is asymptomatic and benign but it can cause visual losses in addition to death in fetuses and immunocompromised patients. The agent can be controlled by early diagnosis and treatment, but this therapy depends on the determination of active or recent infection. The parasitological diagnosis is complex, time consuming and only performed in few centers, so specific serology is essential for diagnosis. The IgG avidity tests has been used to determine recent infection, but avidity conventional tests only provide an indirect estimate of low avidity antibodies from the total and high avidity antibodies. The quantification of low avidity antibodies would be interesting due to high titers in the acute phase of infection or as markers of disease activity. Using reversible chaotrope such as pH, we standardized an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) to allow the determination and quantification of low avidity antibodies. For standardization we used serum samples from experimentally infected rabbits or samples of biological material bank of the Laboratory of Protozoology, IMTSP. Our results showed that pH 3.5 is a chaotrope similar to 6M urea (r2 = 0.9909) in avidity ELISA, and high avidity antibodies had similar resistance to two associated chaotrope in experimental sera. The antibodies recovered on elution with pH 3.5 or urea had similar antigen specificity by immunostaining or Western blot. The neutralizing antibody eluted by pH allowed retest by ELISA after 1 hour of refolding, with direct quantification of antibodies of low avidity. The reproducibility inter and intra test were above 95%, but with worse results for pH 3.5. After standardization, we analyzed 150 samples of human sera with known serology and avidity, composed by a large majority of high avidity samples. Avidity as percent of high avidity antibodies showed erratic results in chaotrope comparison, attributed to the majority of high avidity samples, although the direct measure of low avidity IgG kept correlation with the indirect estimate (r2 = 0.48). This approach allows the direct determination of low avidity antibodies that are early produced in an antigen challenge. Our test is similar to the biology of antibody selection, since antigen presentation by acid exosomes of follicular dendritic cells in germinal center seems to be the system of selection of clones that produce high avidity antibodies. The prospective use of the quantification of low avidity antibodies in toxoplasmosis are attractive, either by the quantitative relationship with the severity of the disease; or the increased presence in recent infections, especially in congenital infection and in immunosuppressed patients, or their relative increase in reactivated chronic disease, such as ocular toxoplasmosis.

<p>Smart windows that modulate solar radiation by changing their optical state in response to temperature stimulus are developing as promising solutions towards reducing the energy consumption of buildings. The market adoption of such systems has been slow due to the barriers in scalability, cost, as well as complexity in their integration into existing systems. Aiming these features, we have proposed a retrofit smart window design based on the temperature-responsive polymer Methyl Cellulose (MC). The system utilizes a sustainable, earth abundant and cost-effective cellulose based thermo-responsive material to transform existing windows to a thermally dynamic smart window system. The observed optical change of MC from transparent to opaque state is dependent on temperature and is triggered by the thermodynamic mechanism of reversible coil-globule transition, which results in a stable performance of the proposed device. Its solar modulation ability was studied using ultraviolet-visible- spectroscopy. Effect of MC concentration and various salts on the optical performance were investigated. It was found that the transition temperature the polymer can be tuned by varying MC concentration and by adding salts to the system. The tunability of transition temperature is a function of the concentration of salt and the type of anion in the salt. It was observed that the transition temperature of the window can be tuned between to , allowing a wide range of control over switching temperature. Controllable LCST, low freezing point, sustainable base material, scalable production, low cost, retrofit system makes them ideal candidates for smart window applications. </p>